Ecosystem Assets

Published as: Interspecific hybridization may provide novel opportunities for coral reef restoration | Technique: Coral Gardening - Hybridization | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Crossed two Acropora species pairs from the GBR and examined several phenotypic traits over 28 weeks of exposure to ambient and elevated temperature and pCO2. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 31.0625% | Post-restoration monitoring: 6.4 months | Authors' conclusion: While elevated temperature and pCO2 conditions negatively affected size and survival of both purebreds and hybrids, higher survival and larger recruit size were observed in some of the hybrid offspring groups under both ambient and elevated conditions. Further, interspecific hybrids had high fertilization rates, normal embryonic development, and similar Symbiodinium uptake and photochemical efficiency as purebred offspring. | Lessons reported: While the fitness of these hybrids in the field and their reproductive and backcrossing potential remain to be investigated, current findings provide proof-of-concept that interspecific hybridization may produce genotypes with enhanced climate resilience, and has the potential to increase the success of coral reef restoration initiatives. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Holyver Coral Garden Memorial | Technique: Coral gardening - transplantation, substrate addition - artificial reefs | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Installed rock structures into a manicured garden in the shape of a 9.. The rocks appear natural and corals are transplanted onto the structures. They are designed to be interactive and educative for snorkel tours. | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: Quantitative outcomes: Transplanted corals: 300 Number of species: 20 | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Holistic approach to reef protection (HARP). Phase III: Impacts of bleaching & establishment of coral nurseries. Dhigu (South Malé Atoll) and Kihavah (Baa Atoll), Maldives. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Acropora | Method: Corals of opportunity were transplanted either onto rope nurseries, metal tables, and some fragments were transplanted directly onto degraded areas. These were Acropora fragments cable tied to nails hammered into dead reef. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 96% | Post-restoration monitoring: 4 months | Authors' conclusion: A dedicated staff member is needed to maintain nurseries, including removal of snails and crown of thorns starfish from frames/corals, cleaning sediment from corals and removing algae. Nurseries need weekly maintenance to survive and thrive. 96% survival on ropes, 87% survival on tables | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Multivariate responses of the coral reef fish community to artificial structures and coral transplants | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Acropora, Pocillopora | Method: The effects of artificial structures and coral transplants on fish abundance, number of species, and community composition were examined during a two-year study at three locations. Three experimental treatments (10 x 10 m rubble plots (a.) left untreated, (b.) covered with concrete structures, and (c.) covered with a combination of structures and coral fragments) were monitored using monthly underwater visual censuses. | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: At the site with the lowest coral cover and structural complexity in the ambient reef, fish community responses were most marked, with an 8-fold increase in fish abundance in the Structures + Corals treatment compared to the untreated rubble plot. At the other two sites, abundance and number of species in the experimental treatments did not surpass that of the natural plots. | Lessons reported: Reef context is important in the selection of appropriate restoration measures. Results may differ depending on condition of the ambient reef. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Reef restoration using seawater electrolysis in Jamaica | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: not reported | Genera: n/a | Method: Electrodes were connected to corals transplanted onto artificial reef structures. | Authors' conclusion: In almost all cases transplanted corals healed quickly and were cemented within weeks. Transplanted corals grew skeletons at rates comparable to the highest values measured in the field, even though all sites had suboptimal water quality. | Lessons reported: Electrical currents help transplanted corals grow in sub-optimal conditions. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Condition of restored Acropora palmata fragments off Mona Island, Puerto Rico, 2 years after the Fortuna Reefer ship grounding. | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Ship grounding | Genera: Acropora | Method: Nail and tie method used to attached fragments dislodged from a ship grounding | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: Unable to determine mortality since only a subset of original branches were re-examined. Of those examined 57.5 % had live tissue remaining, and only 10% had fused to the substratum. No effect of orientation on growth. The data suggests larger fragments have a higher proportion live tissue | Lessons reported: Cable ties became dislodged with wave action, switched to stainless steel wire instead. However 73% of fragments examined had tissue mortality where the wire touched the coral | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Ex situ transportation of coral larvae for research, conservation, and aquaculture | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Acropora, Diploria | Method: Transported several thousand larvae of three broadcast spawners from the Indo Pacific and the Caribbean to Europe. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 80.5053% | Authors' conclusion: Post-transport survival rates were mainly influenced by larvae density and transport duration. Optimum survival rates of >90% at densities of 4 larvae ml_x0001_-1 when not exceeding a transportation time of 4 days. | Lessons reported: Details of packaging, duration, logistics of long-distance transport | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral transplantation as an aid to reef rehabilitation: evaluation of a case study in the Maldive Islands | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Coral mining | Genera: Acropora, Pocillopora, Porites, Favia, Favites, Montipora, Astreopora, Montastrea, Cyphastrea, Pavona, Psammacora, Symphyllia, Goniastrea, Leptastrea, Hydnophora, Galaxea, Heliopora | Method: Transplanting whole coral colonies from unmined reef to mined site. Colonies attached to concrete mat with concrete and/or nails. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 51% | Post-restoration monitoring: 28 months | Authors' conclusion: A quarter of all transplanted corals were dislodged and lost, and overall 51% of colonies survived. A large proportion of colonies experienced negative growth, ie partial mortality. Natural recovery on contro sites was non-existent. | Lessons reported: The concrete mats also encourage and promote natural recovery through recruitment | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Restoration of the threatened Acropora cervicornis corals: intraspecific variation as a factor in mortality, growth, and self-attachment. | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Donor coral thickets were selected from back reef areas and reef fronts, where morphological differences were observed. Fragments were sampled from within each colony and transplanted to metal frames in shallow back-reef areas. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 65% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Coral genotype accounted fo up to six-fold differences in relative growth, and was highly significant for all of the variables studied. Back reef and reef front populations of A. cervicornis corals differed significantly in relative growth, branch diameter, and attachment ability even after growing together for one year, suggesting a genetic basis to morphology and adaptation to their original environment. | Lessons reported: Frame culture was an effective method to produce second generation stock, with annual growth rates often over tenfold. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: The effect of transplantation on reproduction in clonal ramets of Goniopora columna on Singapore's coral reefs. | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Land reclamation | Genera: Goniopora | Method: Ramets of the coral Goniopora columna were excised from five large colonies and transplanted within the same site and depth (2.3 m); to a more disturbed site closer to the mainland at a similar depth (2.2 m); and to greater depth at both sites (8.9 m and 7.6 m, respectively). Ramets were left for one year, then harvested before the predicted spawning periods. Fecundity (average number of oocytes polyp!1), reproductive effort (average oocyte diameter), and polyp tissue diameter were compared amo… | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Transplantation of ramets within site and to the same depth had no significant effect on reproductive effort, fecundity or polyp tissue diameter. Clonal fragments transplanted to the more disturbed site had significantly fewer oocytes, smaller oocytes and smaller polyps after one year suggesting that energy was diverted away from normal functions in response to stressors in the new environment. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Grazers improve health of coral juveniles in ex situ mariculture. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Pocillopora | Method: Investigating the use of biocontrols to limit macro-algal growth in ex situ coral nursery tanks. Corals were encouraged to spawn, and planula settled on concrete embedded plugs. Trochus maculatus (shell) and Salmacis sphaeroides (urchin) were introduced into aquaria, and growth and survival of the coral recruits was examined. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 77.1667% | Post-restoration monitoring: 6 months | Authors' conclusion: Growth was faster in the biocontrol tanks than in the control tanks, although survival was similar across all three treatments. Furthermore, the corals were healthier (colour and presence of lesions) in biocontrol treatments compared to controls | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Growth of certain corals, molluscs and fish in artificial reefs in the Philippines. | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Genera: Acropora, Dendrophyllia, Favia, Pocillopora, Seriatopora, Stylophora, Millepora | Method: Three artificial reefs were established using used car tires, and monitored for 30 months. | Post-restoration monitoring: 30 months | Authors' conclusion: Seven genera of corals, and multiple species of non-mobile molluscs recruited and grew on the artificial reefs. Two species of fish targeted by local fishermen were present at the artificial reef sites, at sufficient numbers to sustain fishing. | Lessons reported: Recruited corals more likely to attach to concrete bases rather than rubber tire, suggesting concrete is a better recruitment substrate for coral planula. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: How to Restore a Damaged Reef | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Following ship grounding, debris was vacuumed up, corals of opportunity collected from nearby reef. These had been dislodged due to large swell event, Target transplant locations were 1) pressure cleaned to clear away loose debris 2) coral bases cleaned to ensure smooth connection 3) attached to cement bases | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 89% | Post-restoration monitoring: 7 months | Authors' conclusion: 600 different coral species, diff sizes. After 1 year, 89% survival, fish communities reappearing/repopulating site, newly settled corals | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Enhancement of coral recruitment by in situ mass culture of coral larvae. | Technique: Larval Enhancement | Genera: Acropora | Method: Creation of a floating in situ larval nursery pond (2 x 2m). Gametes and embryos were collected from the slick formed during spawning. The larvae were kept in the ponds for 7 days, until competency was determined (using CCA in vitro method). They were then flushed into a floorless mesh tent (1.8 x 1m), placed on the reef. Two seeding densities were tested (low/high). Recruit density after 6 weeks was assessed in high/low/control plots using terracotta tiles. | Post-restoration monitoring: 1.5 months | Authors' conclusion: 5% of larvae survived to 6 days in ponds. Recruitment was greatly enhanced in experimental quadrats, with the highest density treatment receiving 100 times more recruits than natural recruitment in the bay. The higher density treatment had significantly higher densities of settled recruits. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Optimizing the productivity of a coral nursery focused on staghorn coral Acropora cervicornis | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: The authors applied 3 experimental treatments to 12 nursery-reared staghorn corals: 25, 50, or 75% of the colony’s biomass was removed and fragmented to create additional, smaller fragments. Four colonies served as unfragmented controls. Growth and colony productivity (the ratio of new tissue growth to initial colony size) were monitored. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 100% | Post-restoration monitoring: 2.9 months | Authors' conclusion: Treatment had no effect on colony productivity or the rate at which colonies developed new branches. | Lessons reported: 75% of the biomass of staghorn colonies may be removed without affecting their growth. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Funafuti Atoll coral reef restoration project (Republic of Tuvalu). - Baseline report | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Coral transplantation experiment. Partial coral colonies (?) moved to sandy area and placed on sandy bottom to mimic patch reefs | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 74% | Post-restoration monitoring: 15 months | Authors' conclusion: High survival after 15 months, followed by a 'major mortality' at 15 months (percent not reported). Cause of mortality event unknown. Juvenile fish densities and diversity increased | Lessons reported: Avoid transplanting at times when high seasonal temperature stress is likely (ie during summer). Select a site free from human caused disturbances | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral reef restoration projects in Thailand. | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Sedimentation | Genera: n/a | Method: Coral colonies (hard & soft), fragments relocated from disturbance site to restored site | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 92% | Post-restoration monitoring: 6 months | Authors' conclusion: High survival of translocated colonies | Lessons reported: None | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral transplantation in sheltered habitats using unattached fragments and cultured colonies. | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Intact coral colonies (from pilot study?) were translocated onto sandy areas to investigate mortality and fish recruitment | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 95% | Post-restoration monitoring: 3 months | Authors' conclusion: High survival of entire colonies. Fish recruitment was higher n colones location >20 m from a reef, compared to those located <2m from a reef. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Expansion of the Puerto Rico Low-Tech Coral Aquaculture and Coral Reef Rehabilitation Project. | Technique: Coral Gardening | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Coral nurseries and outplanting to restore degraded coral reefs. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 73% | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: Staghorn coral outplanting was also highly successful in restocking depleted populations. Further, outplanting also resulted in a significant enhancing of reef fish communities, particularly with juvenile individuals. Restored sites have shown a significant increase in fish species richness, abundance and biomass, in comparison to control sites. Also, non-MPA restored areas support more fish than those at control non-MPA sites. | Lessons reported: Differences in different nursery styles | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Survival and growth of Acropora spp. in mid-water nursery and after transplantation at Phi Phi Islands, Andaman Sea, Thailand. | Technique: Coral Gardening | Disturbance addressed: Tsunami | Genera: Acropora | Method: Corals reared for 4 months in mid water nursery, consisting of trays suspended at 6 m depth with floats and anchors. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 81.15% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Fragments of A. muricata and A. grandis had high survivorship both in nursery (95%) and after transplantation (81%), and the authors recommend the coral species as suitable for nursery and transplantation in the Andaman Sea. | Lessons reported: Relatively few transplanted corals grew tissue/skeleton over the metal bar. No description of metal bar type etc in paper | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Scaling up Acropora nurseries in the Caribbean and improving techniques. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Disturbance addressed: Ship grounding | Genera: Acropora | Method: Damaged fragments of Acropora cervicornis were cached in nurseries during emergency restoration, and line nurseries were set up to grow additional corals for restoration. Growth rates (linear and maximum diameter) and survival of 712 colonies were monitored for one year examining the effects of genotype, depth and attachment method. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 95.5% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Coated wire had the lowest mortality (2.6%), and cable ties had the highest mortality (12.5%). Fragments placed at deeper depths had significantly higher growth rates than corals placed at shallower depths. Survival and growth rates also varied between genotypes. | Lessons reported: The line nurseries produced high survival and growth rates, required low maintenance and held up well during storm events. Given the decline in A. cervicornis populations in the Caribbean over the last few decades and the current focus on scaling up nurseries in the Caribbean, the results and techniques presented here are useful for the development of future nursery operations. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Antigua Maiden Island Reef Restoration | Technique: Coral gardening - transplantation, substrate addition - artificial reefs | Genera: Mixed | Method: Twenty one boatloads of corals (17.5 tons, 5000+ coral colonies) were removed from danger and transported to Maiden Island. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 95% | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Lessons reported: The big advantage, however, of the attachment adapter system is volume. Using traditional methods, a skilled diver may plant 10 corals in an hour. Using the Reef Ball plug system a relatively unskilled diver can transplant 100 corals or more per hour. This ten fold increase in efficiency and ability to use quickly trained volunteers instead of life long experts makes coral restoration practical o… | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Elaborating an Eco-Engineering Approach for Stock Enhanced Sexually Derived Coral Colonies. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Stylophora | Method: Testing different methods of growing corals in situ from sexually-derived coral larvae. Larvae were collected during spawning, encouraged to settle on plastic film, and housed ex situ for 1-2 months. Settlers were then placed on plastic pins, and transferred to mid-water nurseries. Trays were covered with mesh cages for 9 months. Two orientations (horizontal/vertical) and nursery substrates (fishing net/ropes) were tested, although this experiment was not fully factorial (no horizontal position… | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 45.06% | Post-restoration monitoring: 22.6 months | Authors' conclusion: 80% of corals can survive until two years, when reared ex situ for 1-2 months, and then housed in in-situ mid-water nurseries. (Note: mismatch between reported % survival and figure. Survival % reported here derived from figure 5) | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral Propagation Moyo Island | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Planting corals of opportunity onto reef rubble consolidated into 'nurseries (as described above) | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral Reef Conservation and Coastal Zone Management Program | Technique: Coral gardening - transplantation, substrate addition - artificial reefs | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Developed reef balls in collaboration with cement company onto which corals were transplanted. 258 reef balls | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: WRCT estimates that establishing a sustainable coral reef will take at least 5 years. | Lessons reported: The coral reef restoration program brought up new scientific knowledge regarding artificial coral transplanting methods. This project revealed that freshwater dilution can cause mass coral mortalities if the flood water is not managed properly. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Noranda Bauxite project in Discovery Bay | Technique: substrate addition - artificial reefs, coral gardening - transplantation | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Corals of opportunity transplanted onto Ecoreefs. 500 EcoReefs installed. 1200 nursery grown coral branch tips transplanted to the installation in July 2012. | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: One Rational Strategy for Restoration of Coral Reefs: Application of Molecular Biological Tools to Select Sites for Rehabilitation by Asexual Recruits. | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Acropora, Stylophora, Pocillopora, Favia | Method: Transplantation of fragments using donor colonies that have been analysed to be of high health using molecular tools? Also testing survival rate between fragments attached with resin to mesh, vs those just pushed in to the mesh without resin. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 46.4923% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Higher survival of corals at sites with better water quality indicates corals require high water quality to survive and grow. | Lessons reported: Attaching nubbins in mesh with epoxy resin ensures their survival during turbulent conditions. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: The cultivation of massive corals using “micro-fragmentation” for the “reskinning” of degraded coral reefs | Technique: Coral Gardening - Microfragmentation | Genera: Montastrea, Orbicella, Diploria | Method: A diamond band saw was used to cut 1cm2 fragment from massive coral skeletons. The fragments were then mounted on tiles. The tiles are kept in indoor ex situ aquaria for 1 week, until fragments heal over their cuts. The tiles are then moved to outdoor tanks, until fragments have covered the tiles (4-12 months). | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 99.5667% | Authors' conclusion: The marine lab has 4347 microfragments in culture, with survival exceeding 99% | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Mid-water rope nursery-Testing design and performance of a novel reef restoration instrument. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Montipora, Echinopora, Pocillopora | Method: Experiment testing three different types of rope nurseries: 1) Floats on surface, 2) attached on bottom with ropes, 3) attached to bottom with legs. Methods specifically target separate genotypes of colonies within the same species to increase genotypic diversity | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 72.8385% | Post-restoration monitoring: 10 months | Authors' conclusion: Growth and survival vary between genotypes of the same species. Survival is highest in rope nurseries tied to the bottom, compared to those floating on the surface (presumably due to wave action). Branching species have a higher survival, compared to encrusting species. | Lessons reported: Nurseries attached to surface increase movement of colonies, encourages unusual growth forms, lower growth and survival. May still be suitable for places with high tidal movement (as bottom affixed nurseries will experience depth changes during tidal cycle). Use larger fragments for encrusting species, to ensure survival. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral seeding as a technology for recovering degraded coral reefs in the Philippines | Technique: Coral Gardening | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Pocillopora | Method: Pocillopora damicornis planulae were seeded in the laboratory and onto the reef for a comparison of survival rates. Laboratory-reared planulae were then transplanted onto the reef to study size-related mortality. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 2.9% | Post-restoration monitoring: 4 months | Authors' conclusion: Laboratory-reared planulae survived much better than those seeded onto the reefs; of the latter, none remained after 3 weeks. Larger transplants fared best when outplanting laboratory-reared corals onto the reef. | Lessons reported: It's worth rearing corals in the laboratory to a certain size before outplanting. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Growth and survival of transplanted Acropora cervicornis in relation to coral reef restoration. Chapter 3: Effect of season and coral size on the growth rate of transplanted Acropora cervicornis | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Acropora | Method: 15 Artificially broken fragments (2-19cm) were transplanted to 3 sites from a parent colony four times per year (Acropora prolifera only one time in the Bahamas) corresponding to the seasons and monitored quarterly. Fragments were glued to PVC pipe (into a 2'' section of ½ '' PVC with Oately® epoxy putty) and attached to cement bricks adjacent to the reef they were collected. Weight, length, branching were measured quarterly. | Authors' conclusion: Highest growth rate in late spring and early summer. Accretion (g) to linear growth (mm) ratio relatively constant, depending on wave energy of site. Growth rate generally positively correlated with colony size. Time of transplantation important for subsequent growth. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral transplantation triggers shift in microbiome and promotion of coral disease associated potential pathogens | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Coral fragments were transplanted inside and outside Stegastes damselfish territories, to determine the impact of exposure to the Epilithic algal matrix sustained by the farming behaviour of Stegastes, on the bacterial community of each fragment. | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Corals transplanted inside damselfish territories suffered higher mortality than those transplanted outside Stegastes territories. Potential coral pathogens increased significantly compared to baseline fragments, in all treatments, however these levels were lower inside damslefish territories compared to outside territories. Microbial communities on fragments with a high amount of mortality are more similar to microbial communities on the EAM, than to those of healthy baseline coral microbial communities. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Evolution of a semi-artificial reef built by transplanting coral heads | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Psammocora, Stylophora, Acropora, Montipora, Pavona, Leptoseris, Fungia, Porites, Goniopora, Alveopora, Favia, Favites, Goniastrea, Platygyra, Leptastrea, Cyphastrea, Echinopora, Echinophyllia, Myced… | Method: Eleven coral heads were translocated to a bare sandy area to test effectiveness of artificial reef development. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 64% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Survival and colonization rates led to a developing benthic community, 150 fishes belonging to 35 species were counted after 1 year. | Lessons reported: Preliminary ageing of new material is necessary to encourage colonization | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral Propagation Malaysia | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Planting corals of opportunity onto reef rubble (as above). Utilising training nurseries and subsequently corals are moved to a broodstock nursery. | Authors' conclusion: Ocean Quest’s coral propagation method is unlike many others as it is both natural and sustainable. This method includes five basic steps: 1) rescue, 2) propagation, 3) management, 4) transplantation, 5) management. The nurseries provide training for each of these steps as well as separate nurseries for both quarantine for recuperating corals and another for healthy, | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Transplantation of benthic species to mitigate impacts of coastal development in Jamaica | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Dredging | Genera: Acropora | Method: Dredging in Kingston Harbour resulted in the removal of the northern portion of the shallow coral reef at Rackham’s Cay, sparking a proposal to transplant benthic species to an undisturbed area. Sixty thousand items, consisting of reef building massive and branching corals; gorgonians; urchins (Diadema and Tripneustes spp.) and Thalassia meristems were relocated. | Post-restoration monitoring: 18 months | Authors' conclusion: Enough of the corals have survived to be able to significantly increase the percent cover of coral at the relocation area. | Lessons reported: The relocation project reported here cost US$1.7 million and represents a landmark case in Jamaica ’s environmental process as the first significant attempt at mitigation by Jamaican environmental professionals who took the lead in calling for this type of mitigation and received full support from their Government counterparts. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Pyramid Reefs and Coral Nurseries | Technique: Coral gardening - transplantation, substrate addition - artificial reefs | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Deployed large cement structures, coral nurseries grow mixed species of coral. These are then transplanted onto the artificial reef | Authors' conclusion: Off the Thailand coast, underwater pyramids of concrete blocks are forming the beginnings of an amazing artificial reef … and nearby in the shallows is a nursery for fledgling corals. This reef-in-the-making is already attracting plenty of marine life | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Seraya Kecil Coral Nurseries | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Corals of opportunity are planted on metal coral nursery tables placed on the reef slope | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Effects of Nursery Table Slope Orientation on Coral Survival and Growth | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Merulina, Pectinia, Podabacia, Pocillopora | Method: Testing how the orientation of nursery tables affects growth and survival of 4 species of corals. Horizontal, diagonal (45 degrees) or vertical. 5cm fragments attached with cable ties, and monitored for 6 months. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 76% | Post-restoration monitoring: 6 months | Authors' conclusion: High survival in all species, but negligible growth in all but Pocillopora acuta. P. acuta was also the most susceptible to different orientations,and the authors speculate that other species invested energy into survival rather than growth. | Lessons reported: Orientation can be varied to manage sedimentation, as the angle had little effect on survival or growth (except for P. acuta). | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: How quickly do fragments of coral "self-attach" after transplantation? | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Acropora, Montipora, Pavona, Echinopora, Heliopora, Hydnophora, Pocillopora, Porites | Method: Fragments were collected from 25 colonies of 13 species and transplanted into a sheltered environment for two re-attachment experiments. The first experiment examined times to self-attachment in 11 species of differing morphologies from seven families over approximately 7 months, and the second experiment examined three fast-attaching Acropora species over approximately 1 month. | Post-restoration monitoring: 7 months | Authors' conclusion: In the first experiment, Acropora muricata had the fastest self-attachment time, while Echinopora lamellosa had the slowest. For the second experiment, A. muricata (branching) was significantly slower to self-attach than Acropora hyacinthus (tabular) and Acropora digitifera (corymbose digitate). Growth rates, growth form and life history may determine how quickly fragments of coral species self-attach after fragmentation and transplantation. | Lessons reported: Knowledge about self-attachment times is useful for reef restoration practitioners when selecting appropriate species for coral transplantation. If the transplant site is subjected to seasonal storms or wave surge coral transplants should be deployed so as to have time to self-attach before the onset of rough weather. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Growth and survival of transplanted Acropora cervicornis in relation to coral reef restoration. Chapter 2: Seasonal Branching Patterns in transplanted reef-building corals Acropora Cervicornis and Acropora prolifera | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Acropora | Method: 15 Artificially broken fragments (15-200mm) were transplanted to 3 sites from a parent colony four times per year (Acropora prolifera only one time in the Bahamas) corresponding to the seasons and monitored quarterly. Fragments were glued to PVC pipe (into a 2'' section of ½ '' PVC with Oately® epoxy putty) and attached to cement bricks adjacent to the reef they were collected. The weight, branching number and growth were measured quarterly. | Authors' conclusion: Seasonal variation in branching rates. Highest branching rate and growth rate during late spring/early summer and slowed or stopped during late summer/early fall. Earlier and more frequent branching in larger coral fragments. Growth rate and branching rate higher in A. prolifera than A. cervicornis, however linear extension to accretion (g/mm) not statistically different between species. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral of opportunity survivorship and the use of coral nurseries in coral reef restoration. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Siderastrea, Meandrina, Solenastrea, Stephanocoenia, Dichocoenia, Colpophyllia, Diploria, Porites, Orbicella, Eusmilia, Agaricia, Diploria | Method: Corals of opportunity from 17 species were collected near the nursery site, transported and handled on boat (<2 hours), and then transplanted to concrete artificial structures (2 types: Warren and DERM modules). The goal was to establish a nursery site which can be used as a donor source for future restoration activities. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 96% | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: The high survival, ease of collection and representative avialbaliklty of corals of opportunity makes the authors conclude that the method is viable in the location testes (Borward County, Florida, USA). Coral of opportunity which were not transplanted, but left loose as control colonies had significantly reduced survivorship | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Step Reefs, rubble nets | Technique: Substrate Stabilisation | Disturbance addressed: yes | Method: We stabilise our slope to prevent our regeneration work slipping away. We are stabilising the rubble with soft coral nets, which slows the rubble movement and which the turtles do not destroy. We then plant soft corals and sponges on the nets to hold the rubble together. We also build rubble cages at the top of the slope, which are wire baskets attached to the ground. We fill these with coral rubble and like the nets, plants sponges and corals over the basket to help hold the rubble to the seaf… | Authors' conclusion: Pom Pom Island has a steep slope from the reef crest to the deep water drop off at a depth of around 50 m. All this slope has been seriously blasted in the past by bomb fishermen. All that is left of the original reef are the rubble fragments on a seriously sloping reef. The structures we build are difficult to stabilise. | Lessons reported: Aimed to create small reefs on the steep slopes. These look great initially but too many of them are unstable and deteriorate rapidly. While the corals grow and the fish live on the step reefs we create, unfortunately the slope continues to erode and a beautiful series of steps fixed solidly to the seabed becomes a tumbled mess after turtles scratch and fish dig. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: in: Johnson et al 2011, Caribbean Acropora restoration guide: best practices for propagation and population enhancement CASE STUDY 3 | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Disturbance addressed: Mechanical disturbance | Genera: Acropora | Method: Block nursery | Authors' conclusion: None mentioned | Lessons reported: Corals of opportunity may have lower health, and therefore lower survival, spread your risk | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Fixed and suspended coral nurseries in the Philippines: Establishing the first step in the “gardening concept” of reef restoration | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Disturbance addressed: Destructive fishing | Genera: Merulina, Echinopora, Montipora, Pocillopora, Porites, Acropora, Montipora | Method: Leg fixed coral nurseries above substrate, populated with coral fragments collected from nearby reef. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 88.2% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: No difference between fixed/suspended trays, mortality and growth species specific | Lessons reported: super glue not strong enough to hold non-branching species to mesh | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Effects of particulate matter released by a fish farm (Eilat, Red Sea) on survival and growth of Stylophora pistillata coral nubbins | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Disturbance addressed: Pollution | Genera: Stylophora | Method: Tested the survival and growth of 1322 nubbins pruned from five colonies that were transplanted at a depth of 6 m in the vicinity of the fish cages and in a reference site. Nubbins were attached in three orientations (up, vertical and down positions). | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 93.5% | Post-restoration monitoring: 1.5 months | Authors' conclusion: After 50 days, survival was high in both localities and no difference was recorded between the spatial orientations. At the fish farm, burial of the nubbin_x0001_s lateral growths and partial coverage of nubbins by settled particulate matter resulted in significant reduction of the lateral growth rates of nubbins settled in the up position as compared to the reference site. On the other hand, faster growth rates were recorded in the vertical set of nubbins at the fish farm when compared with the IUI site. | Lessons reported: Physical effects, rather than nutrient enrichment, may constitute the main cause of stress for minute coral fragments (resembling coral recruits) growing near the vicinity of a fish farm. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Restoring the underwater habitat at SEA Restaurant: Phase 1 | Technique: Coral Gardening | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Tubastrea, Heliopora, Sinularia, Clathria, Sarcophyton, Lobophytum, Dendronephthya, Stichopathes, Amplexidiscus, Acropora, Alveopora, Astreopora, Cyphastrea, Diploastrea, Euphyllia, Favia, Favites, F… | Method: Transplanting remaining living coral around the underwater restaurant onto pre prepared frames and cement bases. Included corals, anemones and other inverts | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 98% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Restoration of the platform surrounding SEA helped restore the three dimensional structure of the habitat providing refuge and feeding areas for coral reef fishes. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Community-based, low-tech method of restoring a lost thicket of Acropora corals. | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Developing a cost-effective restoration method that is simple and low-tech enough to involve the local community. Fragments staked into sand, in tow treatments: high (6 fragments m-2) and low density (3 fragments m-2) coral. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 78.5% | Post-restoration monitoring: 19 months | Authors' conclusion: Coral transplantation sites increased in coral cover from 0% to 24 and 54% in low and high density treatments respectively. Transplants had grownsignificnalty over 19 months. Fish abundance increased by 50% on high density treatments compared to low density and control plots. Macroinvertebrate abundance also increased in both transplantation plots compared to control plots. | Lessons reported: Pick a species that is known to survive in your restoration area. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Comparison of coral growth and survival under enclosed, semi-natural conditions and in the field | Technique: Coral Gardening | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Porites | Method: Two closely related scleractinian coral species, Porites cylindrica and Porites rus, were transplanted to two different locations: the natural environment on the reef flat, and culture tanks on land. The use of tanks enabled the regulation of environmental factors. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 85% | Post-restoration monitoring: 18 months | Authors' conclusion: For both species, growth and survival were much better in the field than in the land-based tanks most probably due to unrestricted water circulation. | Lessons reported: Predators and macroalgae can be controlled in the tanks | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Best practices manual for Caribbean Acropora restoration. Puntacana Ecological Foundation. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: not relevant | Method: A-frames or dome shapes constructed of wire mesh, bent into shape. Coated in epoxy resin to prevent rusting, and placed on sandy/rubble bottoms. | Authors' conclusion: Fragments grow quickly on these frames, and they are easily replicable for research. | Lessons reported: Frames can quickly become overgrown, and colonies are difficult to remove at this stage, so these frames are less ideal as nurseries, and more suitable for permanent solutions. however, some coral colonies may become top heavy and cause the frames to topple or collapse. Locate frames 2-3 m away from reef, to reduce the potential of snails or fireworms to access the frames, while still allowing he… | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: The role of habitat creation in coral reef conservation: a case study from Aceh, Indonesia | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Tsunami | Genera: Acropora | Method: The artificial reefs consisted of concrete modules placed on the seabed of sand and rubble at depths of 2–9 m. Each module was c. 1.25 m2 and there were c. 260 modules in total. Once oysters had recruited to the blocks, c. 4–6 weeks after immersion, the blocks were scrubbed free of sessile life and live coral fragments were attached. Benthic and fish communities were monitored on five randomly selected artificial reefs and on nearby control reefs. | Post-restoration monitoring: 36 months | Authors' conclusion: Coral cover on artificial reef modules increased from a mean of 24% 1 year after the initial attachment of Acropora spp. coral fragments to 64% after 3 years. The artificial reef modules were also rapidly colonized by coral recruits, with densities nearly twice as high as recruit densities on natural reef substratum and with at least 23 coral taxa. The artificial reefs also supported at least 29 reef fish species from 11 families. | Lessons reported: Other benefits of this project included raising the awareness of reef conservation in the local community, promotion of tourism on Pulau Weh and job creation. We conclude, therefore, that habitat creation has a legitimate role as part of an integrated marine conservation strategy. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Propagation of the threatened staghorn coral Acropora cervicornis: methods to minimize the impacts of fragment collection and maximize production | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Staghorn colonies (30-295cm) had been growing in the nursery for 2 years. One 2.5 cm (small tip) and one 3.5 cm (large tip) fragment were collected from each donor colony, and an unfragmented control branch was chosen from each donor colony. A subset of colonies was chosen haphazardly as unfragmented controls. Growth was monitored. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 64% | Post-restoration monitoring: 4.3 months | Authors' conclusion: The growth of colonies within the nursery exceeded the growth rates of wild staghorn colonies. The collection of branch tips did not result in any further mortality to the donor colonies. Donor branches grew faster than control branches after an initial recovery period of approximately 3–6 weeks. Fragmentation did not affect the growth rates of non-donor branches within the same colony. | Lessons reported: The collection of small (2.5–3.5 cm) branch tips was an effective propagation method for this branching coral species resulting in increased biomass accumulation and limited damage to parental stocks. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Vietnam Reef Restoration | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Attached broken coral fragments from cyclone using cable ties to nails hammered into reef rock | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Differential physiological responses of two congeneric scleractinian corals to mineral accretion and an electric field. | Technique: Substrate Enhancement - Electric | Genera: Acropora | Method: Field experiment testing benefits of electrochemical vs electric field in coral nurseries. Treatments: 5 x 42 nubbins grown on electrified steel frames, 5 x 42 nubbins grown on bamboo frames within electrical field, 4 x 42 nubbins grown on bamboo trays outside of electric field (control) | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 88.6667% | Post-restoration monitoring: 4 months | Authors' conclusion: Direct exposure to electrical current (ie attached to a cathode) did not increase survival of coral fragments after 4 months. Growth was fastest for both species inside the electric field. A pulchra had higher zoox and chlorophyll a densities on cathode compared to electric field and controls. | Lessons reported: The suggested benefits of mineral accretion technology vary between species. Except for chl a concentrations, the cathode had a significant adverse effect on all measured variables for A. yongei but not for A. pulchra. A pulchra had increased zooxs and chlorophyll a densities on the cathode, yet did not exhibit a corresponding fast growth and low mortality. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Restoring the underwater habitat at SEA Restaurant, Antara, Kihavah: Phase II | Technique: Coral Gardening, Substrate addition, substrate stabilisation | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Porites, Diploastrea, Gardineroseris, Physogyra, Psammocora, Pavona, Astreopora, Acropora, Favia, Favites, Platygyra, Lobophyllia, Symphyllia, Leptastrea, Goniopora, Goniastrea, Sarcophyton, Lobophyt… | Method: Transplanting corals from other parts of the reef onto the reef slope outside of the windows of the restaurant. It appears many of the corals were large and heavy enough to maintain stability and location. Other corals were then wedged in between the larger corals | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 95% | Post-restoration monitoring: 6 months | Authors' conclusion: Key outcomes: large influx of other reef organisms, especially motile fish and invertebrates by providing refuge and feeding areas. Added benefit of concentrating organisms such that the potential of successful reproduction during the annual spawning period is maximized, which has greater benefits for surrounding reefs and is likely to contribute to a faster recovery from the 2016 bleaching event. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: The effect of different electrode voltages on transplanted coral growth rates and mineral accretions. | Technique: Substrate Enhancement - Electric | Genera: Acropora | Method: Transplanted corals were treated with 6 volts and 12 volts and compared with natural colonies nearby. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 89% | Post-restoration monitoring: 3 months | Authors' conclusion: Mineral accretion was highest for the 12 volt treatment. | Lessons reported: Electrical current can enhance coral survival and growth. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Large-scale coral reef rehabilitation after blast fishing in Indonesia | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: Blast fishing, construction, mining, storms | Genera: mixed | Method: Deployed small, modular, open structures (spiders) to stabilize rubble and to support transplanted coral fragments. Between 2013 to 2015, approximately 11,000 structures covering 7,000 m2 were deployed over 2 ha of a reef. | Post-restoration monitoring: 36 months | Authors' conclusion: Live coral cover on the structures increased from less than 10% to >60% depending on depth, deployment date and location, and disturbances. The mean live coral cover in the rehabilitation area in October 2017 was higher than reported for reefs in many other areas in the Coral Triangle, including marine protected areas, but lower than in the no-take reference reef. At least 42 coral species were observed growing on the spiders. Surprisingly, during the massive coral bleaching in other regions during the 2014 – 2016 ENSO event, bleaching in the rehabilitation area was less than 5% cover despite… | Lessons reported: Inexpensive modular structures make coral reef rehabilitation practical on large spatial scales where the reef's physical integrity has been destroyed by blast fishing, storms, or groundings Structures that 1) allow unrestricted water flow, 2) trap broken coral fragments and rubble, and 3) stabilize the substratum effectively support high coral recruitment, growth, and diversity Removal of territ… | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.