Ecosystem Assets

Published as: Koh Tao Coral Restoration Project | Technique: substrate addition - artificial reef, coral gardening - transplantation | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Implemented by CRC team on February 2010 off the southern tip of Koh Tao Island, this Coral Conservation Program shows excellent results. Before reef modules installation and coral transplantation, the implementation area was a deserted field of dead corals. More than 4.5 years after its creation and thanks to the local community involvement, this coral reef is the permanent shelter of an amazing marine biodiversity. | Post-restoration monitoring: 54 months | Authors' conclusion: Quantitative outcomes:800 corals transplanted, 24 coral species, 61 fish species | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Akaryn Samui Coral Revitalization Project | Technique: substrate addition - artificial reef, coral gardening - transplantation | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Construction of metal frames filled with reef rubble to assist in stabilising and weighing down the structures Transplant corals onto metal frames. | Authors' conclusion: Quantitative outcomes: 500 corals transplanted, 14 coral species, 36 fish species | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Best practices manual for Caribbean Acropora restoration. Puntacana Ecological Foundation. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Genera: not relevant | Method: Outplanting techniques: 1)Plug-in method: fragments are simply wedged in existing crevices and rubble. 2) Nail and tie-method: Long nails (75mm) are hammered into the substrate, and fragments are attached to the nails using cable ties. Epoxy can be used to ensure the nail is attached to the substrate as well. 3) Pegged rope method: fragments are inserted by untwisting the rope, and the entire length of rope is attached to the substrate using 75mm concrete nails. This allows rapid outplanting of… | Authors' conclusion: 1) Plug in method can suffer from low retention, however remaining fragments quickly self attach to the substrate and grow rapidly. 2) Nail & tie-method is slow, because each fragment is attached individually, however retention is high, and vertical surfaces can also be out planted. 3) pegged rope method allows hundreds of fragments to be out planted within a single dive, and fragments cover the rope within a few months. 4) Fragments in cement rosettes fuse and quickly become colonies. This method is best for small fragments created when trimming donor colonies. | Lessons reported: 1) Plug-in method may be most suitable as an emergency method, where high numbers of fragments are available and time/funding/manpower is limited.2) Nails & Tie method is expensive in terms of manpower, but can be done gradually since each fragment is attached individually.3) Pegged rope method, some fragments may be damaged by abrasion f they are not touching the substrate. this can be remedied … | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Caging enhances post-settlement survival of juveniles of the scleractinian coral Acropora tenuis. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: Transplanting spats (6 week old) of corals that had spawned ex situ. Testing the effects of cages to protect spats from herbivores and other grazers. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 22.775% | Post-restoration monitoring: 3 months | Authors' conclusion: Significant higher survival of 6 week old spats in cages compared to uncaged, although no significant difference in survival between closed and open cages. Significantly higher levels of macroalgae in caged vs open cage and no cage indicate this is not due to herbivory. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Restoration of critically endangered elkhorn coral (Acropora palmata) populations using larvae reared from wild-caught gametes | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: Tested whether the effectiveness of restoration efforts for Acropora palmata could be improved by shortening ex situ grow-out periods to two weeks before outplanting settlers on the reef and determined whether post-settlement survival, colony growth and cost-effectiveness was significantly different from those of recruits reared in land-based nurseries over a 2.5 year period. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 1.95% | Post-restoration monitoring: 31 months | Authors' conclusion: After 2.5 years, the survival rate of A. palmata settlers outplanted two weeks after settlement was 6.8 times higher (3.4%) than that of settlers kept in a land-based nursery (0.5%). Furthermore, 32% of the substrate units on the reef still harbored one or more well developed recruit compared to 3% for substrate units kept in the nursery. In addition to increasing survival, outplanting A. palmata settlers shortly after settlement reduced the costs to produce at least one 2.5-year-old A. palmata individual from $325 to $13 USD. | Lessons reported: This study highlights the first successful long-term rearing of this critically endangered coral species, and shows that early outplanting of sexually reared coral settlers can be more cost-effective than the traditional approach of nursery rearing for restoration efforts aimed at rehabilitating coral populations. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Local changes in community diversity after coral transplantation | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora, Porites | Method: 4 treatments: undisturbed sites (which also served as sources of the transplants), degraded plots to which corals were transplanted, empty plots that received no transplants, and control plots that were empty and situated at least 100 m away from the transplant and empty plots. The latter 3 treatments were replicated at 4 different sites. Diversity of surrounding organisms measured | Post-restoration monitoring: 15 months | Authors' conclusion: Coral transplantation resulted in higher diversity and greater abundance of fish and invertebrates and has the potential to help re-establish degraded reef communities. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Getting bigger faster: Mediation of size-specific mortality via fusion in juvenile coral transplants | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Genera: Pocillopora | Method: To quantify the effect of size at transplantation on survival and growth of laboratory-reared planulae in the field, juvenile colonies were assigned to four size classes. Substrate tiles (n = 320 tiles), each with a single colony, were transplanted to three replicate patches of reef rock, and survival and growth monitored. The effects of fusion between sibling juveniles on their survival and growth were investigated, as well as aggregative settlement patterns. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 16.575% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Survival increased with size. Colony fusion resulted in lower 6-mo mortality, and chimeras of >2 fused colonies produced polyps faster. Fused colonies showed greater probability of growth to the next size class, while unfused colonies showed higher mortality and stasis. Settled larvae were aggregative distributed, with no difference in aggregation strength in larvae of same- vs. mixed-parent groups. Results suggest a benefit of fusion to survival and growth within the first eight months in juvenile coral colonies. | Lessons reported: Fusion could be used as a strategy to obtain larger colonies faster, provided they remain stable over time. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Community-based coral reef restoration | Technique: substrate addition - artificial reefs, coral gardening - transplantation | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Corals of opportunity transplanted onto Ecoreefs. 300 were installed. EcoReefs are made of micro-porous non-toxic ceramic stoneware glued using marine epoxy to make snowflake like structures. They are pH neutral and do not leach toxins. Corals are tied to the structures using cable ties or wire | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: the small demonstration reef is flourishing with both transplanted and naturally recruited corals. A variety of benthic invertebrates and a wide range of fish species are also among the new recruits. | Lessons reported: branching design of the modules allows you to fasten and orient transplanted coral fragments with nothing more than a simple cable tie. Experience shows that transplanted fragments will quickly cement to the structure by laying down living tissue over the ceramic spines and will resume growth in a matter of weeks. To further enhance coral recruitment, settling plates at the center of each module … | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: in: Johnson et al 2011, Caribbean Acropora restoration guide: best practices for propagation and population enhancement CASE STUDY 2 | Technique: Coral Gardening | Genera: Acropora | Method: Block nursery, Line nursery, and tree nursery | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 75% | Authors' conclusion: High fragment survival on out planted sites | Lessons reported: Space out planted colonies to avoid disease spread and the attraction of coral predators, use stable substrate to avoid damage to out planted corals, | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: in: Johnson et al 2011, Caribbean Acropora restoration guide: best practices for propagation and population enhancement CASE STUDY 6 | Technique: Coral Gardening | Genera: Acropora | Method: Line nurseries | Authors' conclusion: More than 200 corals out planted to three sites | Lessons reported: Monofilament line holds less fouling organisms than substrates with a larger surface area (e.g. concrete block, rope or rebar. Choose a site with a high abundance of fish to help with cleaning of fouling organisms. Monitor frequently to remove fouling organisms and perform repair. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Blue Pearl bay | Technique: Coral Gardening | Disturbance addressed: Natural Disturbance, cyclone | Genera: Acropora, Pocillopora, Goniopora, Porites, Pavona | Method: Fragments are grown in rope and table nurseries and planted back onto the reef | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 72% | Post-restoration monitoring: 6 months | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Augmenting the post-transplantation growth and survivorship of juvenile scleractinian corals via nutritional enhancement | Technique: Coral Gardening | Genera: Pocillopora | Method: Recruits of the scleractinian coral Pocillopora damicornis were fed with live Artemia salina nauplii twice a week for 24 weeks in an ex situ coral nursery, and then transplanted back onto the reef. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 54% | Post-restoration monitoring: 6 months | Authors' conclusion: Fed recruits grew significantly faster than unfed ones, corals supplied with the highest density of nauplii increased their ecological volume by more than 74 times their initial size, and the benefits of feeding were apparent even after transplantation to the reef. The fed corals had significantly higher survival and growth rates than the unfed ones. | Lessons reported: Costs per unit volumetric growth were drastically reduced with increasing feed densities, corals fed with the highest density of nauplii were more than 12 times cheaper than the controls. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Building a coral reef in southeast Florida: Combining technology and aesthetics. | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: ship grounding | Genera: n/a | Method: Concrete balls were cast into hollow dome shapes, and fragmented corals were cemented onto the domes. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 87.5% | Post-restoration monitoring: 120 months | Authors' conclusion: The concrete domes show no signs of deterioration after 10 years, and a high proportion of transplanted corals survived. Furthermore, a large number of hard and soft-coral recruits have settled onto the domes. The fish community was intermediate compared to a natural reef patch and the sea floor after 10 years. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Colonization of artificial reef materials by corals and other sessile organisms | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: not reported | Genera: Porites, Pocillopora, Montipora | Method: Benthic community development was compared on coral rock and materials used to construct artificial reefs at two sites off Oahu, Hawaii. The materials tested were concrete, car tires and metal (painted steel). In Kaneohe Bay, one series of plates was immersed in winter, another in summer. At both sites, plates were oriented horizontally, and upper and lower surfaces were examined for corals which were counted, measured, and the number of polyps recorded. Cover of sessile organisms on the Kaneoh… | Post-restoration monitoring: 18.5 months | Authors' conclusion: Highest coral recruitment in Kaneohe Bay was on metal and least on tires, Recruitment peaked in summer due to heavy settlement of Montipora verrucosa on lower surfaces. In Kaneohe Bay, where fish grazing was low, thalloid algae, and solitary and colonial tunicates were common on the plates. Compound tunicate cover was higher on plates immersed in winter than summer, and higher on concrete and coral than on metal or tire plates. There was more open space on tire and metal than on coral and concrete plates. Intense fish grazing occurred off Kahala, and encrusting bryozoans, coralline algae and … | Lessons reported: Concrete is recommended for artificial reef construction because community development was most similar to coral, it is durable in seawater and it can be shaped to specification. Metal structures which disintegrate slowly would also be appropriate. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral recruitment onto an experimental pulverized fuel ash-concrete artificial reef | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: Land reclamation | Genera: Oulastrea, Culicia | Method: An experimental artificial reef was used to document natural coral recruitment onto a stabilised pulverised fuel ash (PFA)–concrete artificial reef.The blocks were deployed in a random fashion from a barge within the gazetted site, in a pyramid shape. Additionally, 176 test blocks made from four cement/PFA (pulverised fuel ash) mixes were placed to determine seasonal patterns of coral recruitment. Cumulative coral recruitment onto the artificial reef was studied over a period of two years. | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: Two species of coral recruited to the blocks. O. crispata settled predominantly on the undersides of the reef blocks, and C. japonica had a preference for exposed surfaces. O. crispata did not show a preference for block composition whereas C. japonica favoured blocks with high (75% by volume) PFA levels. | Lessons reported: This shows that PFA–concrete is a potential substratum for artificial reef construction, especially when such reefs aim at rehabilitating corals. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral transplantation in sheltered habitats using unattached fragments and cultured colonies. | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Pilot study of fragments on rubble. Fragments relocated and scattered over rubble. Coral cover and fish communities surveyed and compared to controls. | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Coral cover increased at site from 2.2% to 24.5%, with a concomitant increase in fish abundance from 17 fish in control plot, to 13 in restored plot. 75% of coral were attached to the substrate or each other. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: in: Johnson et al 2011, Caribbean Acropora restoration guide: best practices for propagation and population enhancement CASE STUDY 7 | Technique: Coral Gardening | Genera: Acropora | Method: Ex situ nursery phase in aquaria, in greenhouses with light filtering through shade cloth. | Authors' conclusion: Preliminary observations are showing that almost all of the corals out planted have not only survived but are growing well. However, comparisons with out planted fragments from in situ nurseries show the same survival and growth. Benefits of ex situ nursery is ease of maintenance | Lessons reported: Strict biosecurity measures need to be implemented to ensure only healthy corals are placed back on the reef | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: An evolutionary approach to adaptive capacity assessment: A case study of Whitehouse | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Genera: n/a | Method: Installed 350 ecoreef structures. The ceramic units, designed to mimic staghorn coral, facilitate the growth of coral reefs by slowing the water flow, stabilising sediment and providing a microporous surface for coral adhesion. In the process, they also increase fish populations. Did not transplant corals | Authors' conclusion: A baseline survey of fish populations conducted in June 2011, and subsequent surveys in January 2012 and June 2012 showed that fish abundance and diversity increased significantly: “A year later, 8195 individuals were documented over three fifteen minute transects compared to the original 115 individual fish noted at the artificial reef site” | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Reef restoration using seawater electrolysis in Jamaica | Technique: Substrate Enhancement - Electric | Disturbance addressed: not reported | Genera: n/a | Method: Electrodes were connected to corals transplanted onto artificial reef structures. Artificial reefs of varying sizes placed in a variety of locations. | Authors' conclusion: A highly diverse coral reef community established itself on the mineral accretion structures. A large variety of adult and juvenile fish have been permanent or temporary residents. | Lessons reported: The geometry of the structure appears to strongly affect the type of species recruited. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral transplant survival over 3 years under different environmental conditions at the Hundred Islands, Philippines | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Destructive fishing | Genera: Acropora, Montipora, Pavona, Porites | Method: An effort to rehabilitate degraded reef areas involved transplantation of branch fragments of the hard corals Acropora microphthalma, A. echinata, A. abrolhosensis, Montipora foliosa, Pavona cactus and Porites cylindrica (order Scleractinia) from healthy communities to different islands of the Hundred Islands chain in the Philippines. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 25.7778% | Post-restoration monitoring: 36 months | Authors' conclusion: Different species responded differently under varying combinations of water clarity and turbulence, which decreased along a rough gradient from north to south. In the north, Porites cylindrica survived moderately well (30%) after 36 mo compared with Montipora foliosa (17%) and Acropora microphthalma (14%). In the central sector, P. cylindrica (57%) and Pavona cactus (41%) survived better than A. echinata (31%). Where turbidity was highest (the south), all transplants fared poorly – P. cylindrica (14 %), A. abrolhosensis (23 %) and P. cactus (5 %). Coral species that survived at the transplant… | Lessons reported: These results have important applications in coral restoration efforts in other tropical regions because the species studied are relatively common | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: An evaluation of artificial reef structures as tools for marine habitat rehabilitation in the Maldives. | Technique: Substrate addition - artificial reef, transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Coral mining | Genera: Acropora, Astreopora, Cyphastrea, Favia, Favites, Galaxea, Goniastrea, Heliopora, Hydnophora, Leptastrea, Lobophyllia, Montastrea, Montipora, Pavona, Pocillopora, Porites, Psammocora, Symphyllia | Method: Corals were transplanted onto some of the artificial reef structures (above) to test whether transplantation would accelerate reef recovery. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 50% | Post-restoration monitoring: 42 months | Authors' conclusion: Twenty-nine months after transplantation, 41–59% of corals still survived on the concrete mattresses. | Lessons reported: Coral transplantation was a costly and time-consuming activity of doubtful efficacy. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Direct seeding of mass-cultured coral larvae is not an effective option for reef rehabilitation. | Technique: Larval Enhancement | Genera: Acropora | Method: Gravid colonies of A. digitifera were collected from nearby reefs and placed in in situ flow-through tanks, until they spawned. Gamete bundles were collected and placed in a fertilisation tank. Larvae were considered competent when >50% were competent to settle (using CCA chip to induce settlement). Larvae were then introduced to concrete Reef balls (pallet ball type), which was covered in a camping tent to contain the larvae on the artificial substrate. The mesh tent was removed after 24 hours… | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Seeding Reef Balls with larvae increased the settlement substantially after five weeks, however this this increase did not persist after 30 weeks. In addition, comparisons to visible recruits after 12 months revealed no difference between the treatment and control reef balls. The authors report a 4 fold increase in visible settlers compared to the background of natural recruitment, but speculate that this is because the area a;ready receives a relatively large contribution of recruiting larvae, compared other restoration sites. | Lessons reported: Authors concede that larval supplemental methods may be more suitable to places with low background recruitment levels. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: M/V Wellwood Coral Reef Restoration Monitoring Report, Monitoring Events 2004-2006. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Monroe County, Florida. Marine Sanctuaries Conservation Series NMSP-07-02. | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: Ship grounding | Genera: not relevant | Method: Artificial reef structures based on the structure of the adjacent undamaged reef was constructed using rocks, concrete and limestone, and concreted onto the substrate. 22 modules were prepared and placed on 14 sites. In addition, limestone boulders were attached with concrete in depressions that could not fit a module. | Post-restoration monitoring: 48 months | Authors' conclusion: The structures were all attached and in great condition after 4 years deployment, despite the passing of several hurricanes and severe storms. However, After 2 years it appears like the modules receive less Gorgonian recruits than control (damaged but not restored) and reference (not damaged, not restored) areas, while receiving the same amount of Scleractinian and Millepora recruits. After 4 years, the differences were no longer significant, and all three sites showed similar numbers in terms of Scleractinians, Millepora and Gorgonians. Authors emphasises that recovery is likely to be a deca… | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Reef Restoration Serangan Island | Technique: Coral gardening - nursery phase, coral gardening - transplantation, substrate addition - artificial reefs | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: The reef around Serangan was damaged due to land reclamation. Installed coral nursery tables and transplant corrals onto the natural reef. Coral fragments planted onto cement buttons or bases that are grown on nurseries before transplantation | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Macroalgae reduces survival of nursery-reared Acropora corals in the Florida reef tract | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Surveyed 23 A. cervicornis restoration sites, located at six different reefs in the upper Florida Keys, and assessed survival rates against benthic composition. | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Where A. cervicornis survived for more than 1 year, there was less brown macroalgae of the genus Dictyota than at sites where A. cervicornis had died. Coral survival was highest at sites with less than 15% Dictyota cover. | Lessons reported: Regulating macroalgal cover at restoration sites can lead to better coral survival. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral transplantation effects on fish and benthic community structure at a naturally damaged coral reef | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Disturbance addressed: Bleaching | Genera: Acropora, Pocillopora | Method: The project aimed to restore the structural complexity of an 1998-El Nino damaged coral reef with bleaching-resistant species resembling the natural coral community of the Seychelles’ inner granitic islands. The experimental design included a control healthy (H) site, a control degraded (D) and the transplanted site (T). The H site was included to quantify differences in reef fish and benthic community structures between D and T sites and how they compare to a reference healthy coral reef. | Post-restoration monitoring: 36 months | Authors' conclusion: The H site was included to quantify differences in reef fish and benthic community structures between D and T sites and how they compare to a reference healthy coral reef. Preliminary data analysis revealed that coral cover, coral and fish diversity and abundance were highest at H site and lowest at D site. The T site values were located between the H site and the D site. | Lessons reported: Not reported in the abstract | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Assisted fertilization of threatened Staghorn Coral to complement the restoration of nurseries in Southeastern Dominican Republic | Technique: Larval Enhancement | Genera: Acropora | Method: Gametes were collected at spawning in situ, using traps placed over colonies. Gametes from genetically distinct colonies were mixed ex situ, and fertilised eggs removed and kept in 12L buckets. four types of substrates were introduced into buckets as larval stage was reached: 1) cleaned rock (year 1), 2) conditioned cement block 3) red cement block, 4) white cement block The water in buckets was replaced daily. Half the polyps were placed in aquaria, with wave makers and artificial light after … | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 10% | Post-restoration monitoring: 11 months | Authors' conclusion: Fertilization and settlement rates were 90% and 50%, respectively. The highest mortality occurred in the first 30 days, and was 10% at the end of 11 months. | Lessons reported: The procedure complements A. cervicornis restoration efforts in coral nurseries. This manuscript presents a detailed outline for restoration practitioners and managers, who can use assisted fertilization to increase genetic diversity within nurseries, as well as outplants to increase species recovery, or use assisted fertilization to increase reproductive success for sexually mature colonies. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: The Coral Reef Rehabilitation Project | Technique: Coral gardening - transplantation, substrate addition - artificial reefs | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Corals of opportunity are transplanted onto coral reef frames called 'spiders' that are connected together to form a matrix. | Authors' conclusion: 8645 coral 'spiders', significant increases in fish stocks, which provides both food security and job opportunities for many locals. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: The Koh Tao Scuba-Diving Coral Reef Project | Technique: substrate addition - artificial reef, coral gardening - transplantation | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Metal frames more like coral nurseries have been created on to which corals are transplanted using cable ties. Heavy steel structures held in place by their weight | Authors' conclusion: Quantitative outcomes: 500 corals transplanted, 12 coral species, 46 fish species | Lessons reported: see comments above | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Restoration of coral reefs in Pacific Costa Rica | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Pocillopora | Method: Coral fragments collected from damaged reef and transplanted into the reserve in two locations; 58 in one and 52 in the other. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 81% | Post-restoration monitoring: 36 months | Authors' conclusion: After three years, survivorship was 79%-83%. Furthermore, subsequent fragmentation caused a 41%-115% increase in new colonies. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Trends in growth and mortality of three coral species (Anthozoa: Scleractinia), including effects of transplantation | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora, Pavona, Pocillopora | Method: The goal was to examine the feasibility of using certain species in establishing new coral populations through deliberate fragmentation. Survival was compared between transplanted / fragmented and undisturbed colonies. | Post-restoration monitoring: 13 months | Authors' conclusion: Response to transplantation was poor for Pocillopora damicornis, and it had intermediate linear growth rates and relatively high mortality. Mortality rates of both A hyacinthus and P damicornis were increased by high temperatures during certain times of the year Pavona frondifera had the highest linear growth rates and no mortality. | Lessons reported: K-selected species might be better for restoration. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Israel Jordan Reef Restoration | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: yes | Method: 5 artificial reefs added to the reef environment | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: AIm to remove the pressure from over a million divers each year which this project appears to be doing | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Reef fishes recruited at midwater coral nurseries consume biofouling and reduce cleaning time in Seychelles, Indian Ocean | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Acropora, Pocillopora, Stylophora, Acanthastrea, Astreopora, Coscinaraea, Cyphastrea, Dipsastraea, Favites, Galaxea, Goniastrea, Goniopora, Hydnophora, Lobophyllia, Astrae, Montastrea, Pavona, Platyg… | Method: Deployed midwater net nurseries with coral fragments of mixed growth form. Observed nursery-associated fish assemblages with GoPro. Nurseries were then emptied and the fish surveys repeated. | Post-restoration monitoring: 7 months | Authors' conclusion: The density of blue-yellow damselfish Pomacentrus caeruleus was 12–16 times higher when corals were present than when corals were removed. Fish assemblages recruited into the nurseries included three trophic levels, from herbivores to omnivores, in six families: Ephippidae, Pomacentridae, Labridae (Scarinae), Gobiidae, Siganidae and Monacanthidae. Higher abundance of large fish (total number of individuals) resulted in 2.75 times less person-hours spent in nursery cleaning. | Lessons reported: Coral nurseries that attract recruiting fishes take less time and effort to clean, because the fish eat the algae and fouling organisms. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: in: Johnson et al 2011, Caribbean Acropora restoration guide: best practices for propagation and population enhancement CASE STUDY 1 | Technique: Coral Gardening | Genera: Acropora | Method: A-frame nursery, Line nursery and rope table nursery. Epoxy coated wire mesh to prevent algal growth. Outplanting using masonry nails driven into reef substrate, fragment attached with cable ties. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 97.4% | Authors' conclusion: High fragment survivorship and high retention rates of fragments on out planted sites, indicates that outplanting techniques are successful. | Lessons reported: Fragment colonies early to avoid increasing weight on nurseries, use mixed type of nursery structure to spread risk, select sites based on environmental characteristics, as well as the presence/absence of predators and cleaners | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Kāne‘ohe Bay Reef Restoration Project | Technique: Substrate Enhancement - Algae removal | Disturbance addressed: Invasive algae | Method: Removal of invasive algae from reef with divers and suction device. Introduction of grazing urchins. | Post-restoration monitoring: 36 months | Authors' conclusion: 17 acres of algae were cleared and kept clear with urchins. 100% removal with dental tools was also trialled, with positive outcomes | Lessons reported: Effective clearing of macroalgae with mechanical suction device. Algal clearing must be paired with enhanced herbivory to be effective. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Growth and survival of coral transplants with and without electrochemical deposition of CaCo3. | Technique: Substrate Enhancement - Electric | Genera: Porites, Acropora | Method: Testing how electrochemical deposition influences growth and survival of corals, using an experimental design including controls. The system was designed using a graphite anode, and a cathode made from galvanised steel mesh (10mm mesh size). The power was supplied using solar modules, and initially batteries, although these were later removed due to to corrosion. A control setup using the same cathode, and wooden blocks producing the same shading effect as the anode. Finally, control corals on … | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 83.6667% | Post-restoration monitoring: 6 months | Authors' conclusion: There was no significant difference in growth between fragments with electrochemical treatment compared to those without, in the same experimental setup. Furthermore, control colonies grew significantly faster that both treatments. However, survival and girth growth were both significantly higher in treated fragments compared to untreated. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Can self-fertilizing coral species be used to enhance restoration of Caribbean reefs? | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Genera: Porites | Method: Testing survival/growth/ reproductive capacity of brooding corals after cutting in half (to increase output?) and outplanting at two different depths (9 & 24 metres). The corals used originated fom either 9 or 24m, and were tested ina factorial expriemnt. Also testing self-fertilisation rates in a separate genetic study. Measures growth through dye | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 94.875% | Post-restoration monitoring: 21 months | Authors' conclusion: Colonies moved from deep to shallow bleached at first, but recovered and were indistinguishable from shallow colonies after 10 months. There was no difference in survival between intact and divided colonies. Colonies that were moved from shallow to deep sites grew slower, while colonies that were moved in the opposite direction (deep to shallow) grew faster. Results for reproductive output were similar to growth, albeit less pronounced. | Lessons reported: Hermaphroditic brooders can survive handling and being split in half, and still produce reproductive output comparable to resident control colonies, and can therefore be valuable in restoration efforts. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: In Situ Nurseries Enhance Coral Transplant Growth in Sedimented Waters. | Technique: Coral Gardening | Genera: Pachyseris, Pocillopora | Method: Testing whether nursery reared fragments do better than direct transplants | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Skeletal extension rates of Porites cylindrica and Porites (Synaraea) rus after transplantation to two depths. | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Porites | Method: Comparing growth of transplants between depth and to non transplanted colonies. Colonies collected from nearby reef, fragmented and attached to plexiglass plates. The plates were attached to wire tables at the restoration site (raised 20cm from the bottom). All fragments and colonies were sacrificed at the end of the experiment, to measure growth | Post-restoration monitoring: 14 months | Authors' conclusion: There were significant differences between species (P. cylindrica grew faster than P. russ),and depths (deeper depths grew slower, control grew fastest) | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: The feasibility of transplanting black coral (Order Antipatharia) | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Antipathes | Method: Forty black coral fragments were transplanted in five locations across Hawaii, and growth and survival measured | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 45% | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: The mean height of all surviving fragments was 5.1 cm approximately 24 months after the initial survey. The mortality observed in this study was in the form of missing fragments. | Lessons reported: The microhabitat chosen for transplantation is critical. Further experiments are recommended to test for a minimum size required to transplant while minimizing the impact on the donor colonies. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral transplantation: Regeneration and growth of Acropora fragments in a nursery | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: Acropora pulchra fragments were used in a semi protected nursery in southern Taiwan between 1996 and 1998 to test, in situ, the possible effects of different factors (origin and length of the fragments, their new orientation, presence of tissue injury, and position in the fragment) on the generation of new branches and the initial skeletal extension rates of transplants. | Post-restoration monitoring: 4 months | Authors' conclusion: All factors affected one or both aspects of coral growth (i.e., branching frequency and skeletal extension rate), and these two aspects determine the success rate of a small fragment developing into a large colony with higher survival probability. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Effectiveness of coral relocation as a mitigation strategy in Kāne‘ohe Bay, Hawai‘i. | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Dredging | Genera: Porites, Montipora | Method: Removal of coral from a navigation channel and relocation to a similar nearby dredged site occurred in 2005. Coral recovery at the donor site and changes in fish populations at the receiving site were tracked periodically over the following decade. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 90% | Post-restoration monitoring: 132 months | Authors' conclusion: Coral regrowth at the donor site was rapid until a recent bleaching event reduced coral cover by more than half. The transplant of mature colonies increased spatial complexity at the receiving site, immediately increasing fish biomass, abundance, and species that was maintained throughout subsequent surveys. | Lessons reported: Corals transplanted into wave-protected areas with similar conditions as the original site can have high survival rates. Data on long-term monitoring of coral transplants in diverse environments is central in developing management and mitigation strategies. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral reef rehabilitation through transplantation of staghorn corals: effects of artificial stabilization and mechanical damages. | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Branches of two species of Acropora, were collected from nearby reefs, and placed on a degraded reef using two methods. 1) loosely placed on the seabed, or 2) attached to a grid of strings which was loosely placed on the rubble. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 97% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Corals attached to the string grid had higher survival and faster growth compared to unattached fragments. 97% of attached branches survived, although 87% had experienced partial mortality, while 87% of unattached fragments survived, and 93% of survivors had partial mortality. | Lessons reported: To stop a defensive response between neighbouring fragments, which may affect growth, make sure that fragments attached to the same string originate from the same clone | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Examining the use of mass transplantation of brooding and spawning corals to support natural coral recruitment in Sulawesi / Indonesia | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Acropora, Pocillopora, Isopora | Method: At each of three locations, three 10 x 10 m plots, set 30 m apart, were marked and cleared, and then assigned to one of 3 treatments: 1) control, 2) structures, 3) structures and transplants. Controls were left alone, and treatments received 50 concrete structures arranged in a chessboard pattern. Structures+Transplants plots received coral fragments fixed on bamboo trays, which were placed on the rubble between the concrete structures. Species composition varied between three locations. Coral … | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: Coral transplantation did not appear to be a suitable tool for enhancing coral recruitment in the short term. | Lessons reported: Under the study conditions, providing stable substrate for settlement in the form of artificial reefs, together with improved management to reduce chronic stressors, may be more effective approaches to support coral recruitment. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Accounting for life-history strategies and timescales in marine restoration | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Illegal coral harvesting | Genera: Corallium | Method: Transplanted 300 illegally harvested corals onto rocky reef and monitored demographic traits | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 99.1% | Post-restoration monitoring: 48 months | Authors' conclusion: The transplantation experiment was highly successful over a relatively short term due to high survival and reproductive potential of the transplanted colonies. | Lessons reported: Demographic projections predict that from 30 to 40 years may be required for fully functional C. rubrum populations to develop. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Impacts of Fragment Genotype, Habitat, and Size on Outplanted Elkhorn Coral Success under Thermal Stress. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: Expt 1: Testing the effect of outplanted fragment size of A. palmata. Two sizes (large=9-12 months old, small=6-9 months), outplanted 1m apart using epoxy. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 25.5% | Post-restoration monitoring: 30 months | Authors' conclusion: No difference in survival between small and large fragments, however small fragments were significantly less prone to bleaching. Small fragments also grew significantly faster than larger fragments | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Enhanced larval supply and recruitment can replenish reef corals on degraded reefs. | Technique: Larval Enhancement | Genera: Acropora | Method: Gravid colonies of A. tenuis were collected and placed in aquaria ex situ, until spawning. The gametes were collected and placed in a fertilisation container with filtered seawater. Developing embryos were then transferred to rearing tanks, until competent. Competent larvae were then transferred into a bag for transportation to restoration site. Larvae were introduced into mesh tents (size??) placed on the reef, and maintained for 5 days, to allow larval settlement to occur. Settlement tiles ( … | Post-restoration monitoring: 36 months | Authors' conclusion: High mortality in the first 5 months of settled spats (Type III survival curve), both on tiles and on natural substrate within the larval enhancement plots. Survivorship stabilised after 9 months, with very low mortality of coral colonies past 1 year. Coral colonies grew and many reached reproductive size after 3 years (avg ~16 cm in 3 years). The results illustrate the importance of early rapid growth to reach a size where survival is more likely. | Lessons reported: Authors note that method is only suitable in locations where environmental conditions are suitable for reef corals to grow, but natural recruitment is limited. Furthermore, chronic disturbances and key threats must be effectively managed. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Manta Reef Restoration Project | Technique: Coral gardening - transplantation, substrate addition - artificial reefs, Substrate Enhancement - Electric | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Install metal structures into the shape of a Manta Ray. The structuresuse mineral accretion and are placed on sandy sea bed and corals of opportunity of transplanted onto the structures | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: In summary, the conclusion at the end of one year is: Study site 2013 / 2014: Increased in number of species 195.5% Increased number of families 133.3% Increased in the average number of individuals per 100m² of 1501.1% In 2014 there was a relationship between the control site and the study site of: 238.9% by number of species 153.8% by number of families 2483.6% in average number of individuals per 100m² Transplanted corals : 1400 Number of species: 26 | Lessons reported: Our artificial reefs are designed primarily for the purpose of providing habitat for marine wildlife, making it possible to re-grow faster ecosystem and a solid substrate for corals to grow in the best conditions possible. We use various restoration techniques and different substrates to be the most suitable possible to the area identified. It creates, protects and regenerate the local ecosystem,… | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Low-tech coral reef restoration methods modeled after natural fragmentation processes. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: Factorial experiment testing the effect of substrate type and location on survival,growth and overgrowth of fragments. Fragments placed on 1) sand, 2) in contact with sand, supported by tray, 3) 5-10 cm above sand | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: 100% of fragments on sand died, while ~80% survived on trays suspended above sand. Fragments placed on rubble, or in contact with sand suffered intermediate mortality. | Lessons reported: Fragments grown suspended above sand will overgrow mesh and form a strong attachment to mesh within 2 months, however this attachment was lost within a year. Fragments on weighted frames can survive a strong hurricane. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Survival, growth, and branch production of unattached fragments of the threatened hermatypic coral Acropora cervicornis. | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Naturally occurring fragments of A. cervicornis were attached only by a monofilament line and monitored for 18 months at two sites to quantify survival, growth, and branching dynamics. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 22.5% | Post-restoration monitoring: 18 months | Authors' conclusion: Fragment survivorship did not exceed 26%, growth rates were low, and fragments barely produced new branches, with no difference for different size categories. | Lessons reported: Stable attachment is important for fragment survival. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Rearing juvenile “corals of opportunity” in in situ nurseries – A reef rehabilitation approach for sediment-impacted environments. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Pectinia | Method: Coral juveniles (<4.5cm) collected on unstable substrate, reared in flow through aquaria ex situ . After rearing for 4-5 weeks, they were placed on PVC trays at an in situ nursery site. Coral sorted into size classes | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 81.05% | Post-restoration monitoring: 5 months | Authors' conclusion: Using juvenile COP's is a viable coral gardening strategy. No difference in survival between size classes, however larger COP's grew faster than smaller ones. Differences in growth seem to not be related to sedimentation rates | Lessons reported: Transportation stress may increase mortality. In species which stresses easily by fragmentation, using juvenile COP's may be an option that increases survival and growth. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: The culture, transplantation and storage of Montastraea faveolata, Acropora cervicornis and Acropora palmata: What we have learned so far. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Disturbance addressed: ship grounding | Genera: Acropora | Method: Experiment 2 tests different nursery type for branching corals (closed aquaria, open systems or in situ field arrays). 7cm fragments were taken from donor colonies, and mounted onto plates using epoxy. Half of the fragments were reared ex situ in a flow through outdoor aquarium system, while half were reared in an in situ shallow nursery site (on a vertical tree-like construction) | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 95.8333% | Post-restoration monitoring: 10 months | Authors' conclusion: No difference in linear extension between in situ and ex situ nurseries for A. cervicornis, however the basal width was significantly larger in the tank compare to the field.In contrast A. palmata colonies had higher linear extension and mineral accretion in the field compared to ex situ nurseries, however the basal growth was larger in the tanks compared to field nurseries. Tank reared A cervicornis exhibited limited branching while field colonies formed multiple branches during the study period. | Lessons reported: Growing in tanks allowed bases to develop which may be advantageous when outplanting, however the reduced water movement may have resulted in reduced branching. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Lesion recovery of two scleractinian corals under low pH conditions: Implications for restoration efforts | Technique: Coral Gardening - Microfragmentation | Genera: Porites | Method: Two fragment sizes were artificially inflicted with lesions and incubated in two pH treatments to follow effects on recovery and physiological performance. | Post-restoration monitoring: 0.8 months | Authors' conclusion: Recovery was significantly reduced at reduced pH for P. porites in both fragment sizes; while recovery of P. astreoides was reduced only in the larger fragments. Different responses were also seen for Symbiodinium density and total protein with pH and fragment size. Effects on lesion recovery rate from pH and fragment size were species specific and may be related to morphology and/or energetic constraints. | Lessons reported: Energy shifts in corals is vital for lesion recovery, but is also species specific. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Caramoan Coral Reef Project | Technique: Coral gardening - transplantation, Substrate Enhancement - Electric | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Using metal artificial reef structures to provide a base onto which corals of opportunity are transplanted | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Evaluating causes of transplant stress in fragments of Acropora palmata used for coral reef restoration | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Acropora | Method: To evaluate transplant stress, newly transplanted coral fragments were compared to a restoration site to two other groups: (1) non-transplants, or fragments that remained at the source site, and (2) established transplants, or fragments that had been transplanted from the same source population to the restoration site 2 yrs prior. 84 healthy fragments were transplanted to a site that already had 45 established transplants, and 48 non-transplants were selected for comparison. Colony growth was m… | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: After 2 wks, new transplants displayed greater tissue loss and bleaching than both other groups. New transplants were affected by disease (white syndrome) more frequently than non-transplants or established transplants. Transplant-induced bleaching caused a slight reduction in growth and survival after 3 mo, but no carry-over effects were detectable after 1 yr. Damselfish bites significantly affected coral fragments but did not preferentially target new transplants. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Memphis Grounding Restoration | Technique: Coral gardening - transplantation, substrate addition - artificial reefs | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Rubble removal preceded, One hundred-sixty small (1.13 m) Reef Balls® were organized into 40, 4-module reef units (quads), each in a square configuration with 3-m sides. Each quad had ReefBalls with one of four attractant treatments: iron, limestone, coral transplants, or plain concrete (control). Each ReefBall had two standardized settlement plates incorporating one of the attractant treatments. Innovative use of coral cores of nearby massive species were collected and transplanted onto the re… | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 82% | Post-restoration monitoring: 30 months | Authors' conclusion: The results of this experimental, hypothesis-driven study highlight the interaction of biotic and abiotic ecosystem components and indicate the need for a broad, ecosystem approach to restoration rather than a myopic single-organism approach. The species-specific differences in transplant growth and mortality indicate that species selection must be an important considered in future coral reef restoration efforts. The unanticipated species-specific difference in mortality also indicates the need for an adaptive-management approach to restoration. | Lessons reported: the dramatic difference in survival and growth between M. cavernosa and M. meandrites transplants clearly indicates that species selection and potential species-specific responses to transplant methodology (e.g. coring) must be critical considerations in future coral reef restoration efforts. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Pumuteran Bay Biorock Project | Technique: Coral gardening - transplantation, Substrate Enhancement - Electric | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Metal structures deployed to plant coral onto. | Authors' conclusion: Year 2000 hardly any coral growth or fish.With the help of village and use of biorock the area was transformed. Many different corals and a variety of fish. As the corals grew, so did the fish population Since 2001 the village of Pemutaran has implemented ban on damaging fishing practices and a ban on all fishing around the Biorock structures resulting in an increase in fish stock in the bay benefiting the fisherman and the whole village. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Land-based coral nurseries: A valuable tool for production and transplantation of Acropora cervicornis | Technique: Coral Gardening | Genera: Acropora | Method: Comparison of fragments reared in in-situ and ex-situ nurseries. Survival and growth are compared in several experiments during the nursery and outplanting stages. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 90.12% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Survival was lower in the land-based nursery, largely due to a mechanical failure. Linear extension was lower in the land-based nursery until nursery conditions were optimized, then linear extension in the land based nursery exceeded the offshore nursery. There were no significant differences in survival or growth of fragments outplanted from a land-based nursery and an offshore nursery. Survival ranged from 85% to 100% after six months, and survival ranged from 70% to 89% after one year and the passing of two tropical storms. Small (5 cm) transplants did not have significantly lower survivor… | Lessons reported: A. cervicornis can be successfully grown in a land-based nursery, and linear extension and fragment production can be higher than in offshore nurseries if environmental conditions are maintained within optimum ranges. This experiment highlights some of the conditions that promoted high linear extension rates in this species. Large colony transplants exhibited the best survivorship and extension r… | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Acclimation in Pocillopora sp. during a coral restoration program in Carrizales Bay, Colima, Mexico | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Pocillopora | Method: Coral fragments were transplanted either in clusters (125 fragments) or individually (155 fragments). Ten coral fragments transplanted using each technique were randomly marked for monitoring. Growth and colour were measured in five samples over 10 months. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 92.25% | Post-restoration monitoring: 10 months | Authors' conclusion: There was similar high survival of fragments with the cluster and solitary methods. The cluster technique leads to greater stability and integration of fragments, and greater aggregation of the fragments with the substrate. The mortality associated with both techniques was caused primarily by bioerosion by algae of the genera Ulva and Padina. The integration of the specimens in the cluster method induced an increase in the density of zooxanthellae. | Lessons reported: Both transplantation methods are economical and cheaper than attachment to hard substrata with epoxy. Clustering fragments leads to acclimation of zooxanthellae. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: A cost-effective approach to enhance scleractinian diversity on artificial shorelines. | Technique: Coral Gardening | Genera: Podabacia, Merulina, Echinopora, Hydnophora, Pocillopora, Platygyra | Method: Coral colonies collected and fragmented from nearby site. Placed on table nurseries for up to 9 months. Fragments were then transplanted onto granite seawall. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 89.7% | Post-restoration monitoring: 6 months | Authors' conclusion: High survival in both nurseries (98.5%) and transplants (89.7%). All fragments increased in growth, except for M. ampliata species. Coral cover on the site increased from 3% to 20.5% in 6 months. | Lessons reported: Nursery was located in a high sediment environment, and high survival of these species indicates they are robust to high sediment loads during propagation. Drupella snails were disproportionately attacking P. damicornis transplants. (Note: Photos show cable ties digging in to fragments in nurseries. Account for growth in attachment methods, so as not to limit fragment growth.) | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.