Ecosystem Assets

Published as: Strategies for Gardening Denuded Coral Reef Areas: The Applicability of Using Different Types of Coral Material for Reef Restoration. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Stylophora | Method: Donor experiment: testing effects of differing amount of damage to donor colonies (10, 20, 30%), on reproductive activity. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 0% | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: Donor colonies with >10% damage suffered 100% mortality within a month, while colonies with 10% damage survived longer (12-17 months). Eventually 100% of colonies died. Pruning during gametogenesis immediately reduces reproductive capacity, however this is restored after 5 months? | Lessons reported: Prune less than 10% of donor colonies | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral Gardening for Tourism and Climate Change Adaptation in Vanuatu | Technique: Coral gardening - transplantation, substrate addition - artificial reefs | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Small, transportable steel frames ('spiders') constructed by the local community. Corals of opportunity are cable tied onto the frames. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Effects of coral transplantation in sites of varying distances and environmental conditions | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Acropora, Porites, Echinopora | Method: Whole colonies pried off using hammer and chisel. Sizes ranged up to three-fold for all species. Transferred to transplant site. Two attachment methods tested: 1) depression excavated in rock, cement mix with seawater poured in depression covering the base of the coral, 2) tied to plastic screen (1m²) nailed to surface. Each attachment equals a treatment and each was replicated three times, hence 6 plots (each 1m², with 7 or 12 colonies in each plot) per transplant site and 4 sites per location… | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 57.125% | Authors' conclusion: Survivorship higher for slow-growing corals, than branching and foliose. Highest survival for A.palifera (94%) and lowest for A.microphthalma (8%); clear trend in higher survivorship in Quezon sites (62-95%) than Pangasian sites (39-16%). Growth differed between most species across all sites, highest growth rate compared to low survivorship for A. microphthalma and E. lamellosa. No growth difference between attachment method, but survival higher in cement method. Hence successful coral transplantation is both site- and species-specific. | Lessons reported: Growth and survival rates, however, should not be considered as the sole criteria in the evaluation of transplantation performance, as reproduction strategy should be taken into account. Consider broad environmental context of restoration to develop assembly rules allowing to match coral types and their sequence to each unique context. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Mediation of growth by conspecific neighbors and the effect of site in transplanted fragments of the coral Porites attenuata Nemezo in the central Philippines | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Porites | Method: Porites attenuata fragments were reciprocally transplanted between 2 reefs, one degraded and one pristine. _x0005__x001E__x0006_Fragments were either transplanted to the source site or the reciprocal site and surrounded with either dead fragments or live conspecifics. Growth, survival and indicators of health were monitored. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 90% | Post-restoration monitoring: 13 months | Authors' conclusion: Transplants from the degraded site grew slower and branched less than those from the pristine site. In Apo, fragments with live neighbors grew taller but branched less. | Lessons reported: Value of conditioning habitat prior to transplantation: start by packing fragments densely, then thin them out | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Employing a highly fragmented, weedy coral species in reef restoration | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Destructive fishing | Genera: Montipora | Method: Almost 2000 coral ramets were reared in a shallow lagoon nursery for 1 year and then transplanted onto denuded reef knolls at two different sites and according to three transplantation designs (grid design with high or low density and patch design). | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 17% | Post-restoration monitoring: 15 months | Authors' conclusion: M. digitata ramets in the nursery exhibited 87% survivorship and fast growth rates (217–927%) in 1 year. Following transplantation, 17% of the corals remained alive with 37% loss due to mortality and 46% loss due to detachment. Growth increased the corals’ ecological volume by 384%. The high number of M. digitata survivors enhanced local habitat complexity. | Lessons reported: The weakness in the transplantation phase was M. digitata’s slow attachment to the substrate, which may be improved by having the coral tissue touching the substrate by drilling deeper holes in it. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral reef restoration through coral transplantation: the case of Duka Bay, Medina, Misamis Oriental. Manila. | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: n/a | Method: Cement blocks (10 x 16 x 56 cm) were placed on disturbed reef, and coral fragments sourced from nearby reef transplanted. | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: The transplanted corals grew faster than their donor colonies, and 24 species of fish were recorded at the transplantation sites at the conclusion of the experiment (2 years). The 'restored' sites became popular tourist attractions, generating income for the nearby resort and village. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Reef restoration using seawater electrolysis in Jamaica | Technique: Substrate Enhancement - Electric | Disturbance addressed: not reported | Genera: n/a | Method: Electrodes were connected to corals transplanted onto artificial reef structures. | Authors' conclusion: In almost all cases transplanted corals healed quickly and were cemented within weeks. Transplanted corals grew skeletons at rates comparable to the highest values measured in the field, even though all sites had suboptimal water quality. | Lessons reported: Electrical currents help transplanted corals grow in sub-optimal conditions. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Plasticity in skeletal characteristics of nursery-raised staghorn coral, Acropora cervicornis | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: Compared linear extension, calcification rate, and skeletal density of nursery-raised A. cervicornis branches reared for 6 months either on blocks attached to substratum or hanging from PVC trees in the water column. | Post-restoration monitoring: 6 months | Authors' conclusion: Branches grown on the substratum had significantly higher skeletal density and lower linear extension rates compared to water column fragments. Calcification rates determined with buoyant weighing were not statistically different between the two grow-out methods, but did vary among coral genotypes. Whereas skeletal density and extension rates were plastic traits that depended on grow-out method, calcification rate was conserved. | Lessons reported: The two rearing methods generate the same amount of calcium carbonate skeleton but produce colonies with different skeletal characteristics and suggest that there is genetically based variability in coral calcification performance. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Density-dependent effects on initial growth of a branching coral under restoration | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: Coral fragments were transplanted onto flat areas of bare substratum in a range of densities, from 1 to 20, spaced 5cm apart, and growth rates were compared. | Post-restoration monitoring: 3 months | Authors' conclusion: Increasing density led to a reduction in average out-plant growth, probably due to competition for space. | Lessons reported: Suggest explicit consideration of out-plant spatial arrangement and density in coral reef restoration projects. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral Growing - Reef 'Biscuits' and bottle nurseries | Technique: substrate addition - artificial reef, transplantation - fragments | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: We start by collecting broken coral fragments, which we plant in concrete bases that we call biscuits. We take these to our underwater nursery to grow them into established corals. Once grown, we harvest them and bring them back to our reef, which has been badly damaged by dynamite fishing. We plant them in a bottle reef, where they continue to grow to create a brand new coral reef. | Lessons reported: Our biscuit nursery is the north tip of the island, where the prevailing ocean current arrives at Pom Pom bringing rich nutrients, which is a great environment for promoting coral growth. We lay the biscuits out on the sea bed and tie them down to prevent them drifting away. Over time, the coral grows around the biscuit. When the coral is well-established on the biscuit, it is ready to be harvest… | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Modeling and monitoring tools to assess recovery status and convergence rates between restored and undisturbed coral reef habitats | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: Ship grounding | Genera: Porites | Method: Use field monitoring and modelling or resulting data to evaluate the status of two restoration projects established in 1995, 6 years after two freighters ran aground on reefs Marine Sanctuary. A population model was developed for the coral Porites astreoides to project the convergence rates of coral abundance and population size structure between the restored and surrounding reference habitats. | Post-restoration monitoring: 72 months | Authors' conclusion: Species richness in general, and abundance of P. astreoides were nearly indistinguishable between the restoration structures and reference habitats after only 6 years. However, according to the model, maximum coral size will take twice as long to converge for this species. The model has high sensitivity to maximum recruitment rates. | Lessons reported: The level of success of a restoration effort (rates of convergence) were also influenced by the characteristics of the reference population - reference populations ought to be considered a “moving target” against which restoration success has to be measured dynamically. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Restoring the underwater habitat at SEA Restaurant, Antara, Kihavah: Phase III | Technique: Coral Gardening, Substrate addition, substrate stabilisation | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Porites, Diploastrea, Gardineroseris, Physogyra, Psammocora, Pavona, Astreopora, Acropora, Favia, Favites, Platygyra, Lobophyllia, Symphyllia, Leptastrea, Goniopora, Goniastrea, Sarcophyton, Lobophyt… | Method: Transplanting corals from other parts of the reef onto the reef slope outside of the windows of the restaurant. It appears many of the corals were large and heavy enough to maintain stability and location. Other corals were then wedged in between the larger corals | Post-restoration monitoring: 6 months | Authors' conclusion: Maintenance of the restored reef and nursery area is critical to ensure long-term survival. Efforts should focus on removal of pest species (snails and cushion starfish), removal of any corals that succumb to disease, and cleaning of the nursery ropes to eliminate algae and colonizing invertebrates. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Marine Savers with Four Seasons Resorts | Technique: Substrate addition- artificial reef, Transplantation - fragments | Genera: Pocillopora | Method: Creating coral growing frames (small domes) as substrate for sandy and rubble dominated areas. Cable tie fragments to metal structure | Authors' conclusion: The overall health of the House Reef has been decreasing, with digitate coral species becoming scarce, making coral collection for our frames more difficult. Most remaining Pocillopora colonies are diseased and partly covered in algae, making our Reefscapers work more important as colonies must be collected and propagated to reduce disease mortality. Species of ‘massive corals’ are showing scars from parrot fish feeding, and suffer from crown of thorns predation. | Lessons reported: Channel may be too dynamic a location due to sand movement burying the frames (requires weekly maintenance). Many frames are 'recycled' but not sure if this is due to mortality of attached corals requiring the frames to be reused. Ltd species diversity, and appears to be poor overall | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Best practices manual for Caribbean Acropora restoration. Puntacana Ecological Foundation. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: not relevant | Method: Building hurricane resistant coral nursery tables. Tables suspend fragments ~1m above substratum to avoid smothering by sand. Built with 16mm thick metal bars, and placed in direction with the prevailing currents.Bars are joined using UV-resistant cable ties.Ropes are tied to end legs, and coral fragments attached as 'mother colonies'. | Authors' conclusion: Tables avoid problems with predators, suspended sediment and silt. Tables can support heavy weight and can therefore be used to support mother colonies. If installed correctly they can be hurricane resistant. Mother colonies grow fast on rope nursery and may only need to be trimmed once a year. | Lessons reported: Poor quality cable ties can disintegrate, tables are vulnerable to snagging on anchors. Avoid electrolysis by avoiding different metals in contact with each other (ie use plastic coated wire/trays on top of metal bars). If placed near reefs, the tables are virtually maintenance free as resident fish clean off any fouling organisms and potential predators. The rope method is primarily for the prod… | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral reef restoration (Bolinao, Philippines) in the face of frequent natural catastrophes | Technique: Coral Gardening | Disturbance addressed: Natural disturbances | Genera: Merulina, Montipora, Echinopora, Pocillopora, Porites, Acropora | Method: Nursery and transplantation phases hampered by (1) a category 4 typhoon (2) heavy rains; and (3) a bleaching event. This study analyzes the effects of these natural catastrophes on restoration efforts. | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: The two coral nursery phases in the sheltered area of the Bolinao’s large lagoon suffered from two major environmental catastrophes: the 2006 typhoon and the 2007 bleaching events, the latter being the most devastating. The transplanted colonies withstood two more stochastic natural disturbance events and a tempestuous southwesterly monsoon season, all potentially affecting survival. Susceptibility was species-specific. | Lessons reported: In the nursery phase, consideration should be paid to depth flexible constructions and tenable species/genotypes prioritization and for transplantation acts, site/species deliberation, timing, and specific site selections should be taken into account. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Success of mass culture of Acropora corals from egg to colony in open water. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: Coral larvae induced to settle inside floating plastic cages to reduce issues with sedimentation, bioerosion and coral livores. Cages also contained topshell juveniles (Trochus nilocitus) to control algae and other fouling organisms. | Post-restoration monitoring: 9 months | Authors' conclusion: Colonies inside cages grew to ~40mm in 9 months. 100% mortality in cages without trochus topsnails | Lessons reported: Including trochus top nails inside cages can control fouling organisms like algae, sponges, hydroids and tunicates. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Community Reef Restoration Efforts | Technique: Coral gardening - Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: yes | Method: Outplanting coral fragments grown in nurseries (see above record) | Authors' conclusion: MPAs now have 500% more live coral cover and 50% greater species richness of coral than adjacent fished areas, little to no seaweeds, and 30% more food fish, 50% more species of food fish, and 500% more biomass of food fish than the adjacent fished areas, LCC, Species richness, fish abundance and biomass | Lessons reported: Simple asexual coral propagation methods can be quickly learned and effectively implemented by community members for coral restoration efforts. Corals in the genus Acropora, though often utilized in restoration efforts, have been those that are most susceptible to disease and predator damage. Propagating a variety of genera intermixed throughout the nursery helps reduce predation and improves ove… | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Comparison of three types of adhesives in attaching coral transplants to clam shell substrates | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Acropora, Montipora, Pocillopora, Seriatopora, Stylophora, Porites, Hydnophora, Pavona, Heliopora | Method: Nubbins from 12 coral species were transplanted onto dead giant clam shells at three sites in a lagoon near Bolinao, north-western Philippines. Transplants were attached using three types of adhesives: cyanoacrylate glue (SG), epoxy putty (EP) and marine epoxy (ME) and were monitored over five months for detachment, in situ mortality and natural self-attachment by tissue growth. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 76.75% | Post-restoration monitoring: 5 months | Authors' conclusion: There were no among-adhesives differences in in situ mortality. Porites cylindrica, Pavona frondifera, Heliopora coerulea and Porites rus had the highest survivorship and displayed the highest cumulative rates of self-attachment. Species with the lowest survival rates included Acropora muricata and four pocilloporids. | Lessons reported: Results from this study highlight the importance of selecting the appropriate means of attaching corals to substrates and carefully considering species-specific traits of candidate corals for transplantation. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Restoration using Acropora cervicornis at the T/V MARGARA grounding site | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Disturbance addressed: Ship grounding | Genera: Acropora | Method: 227 fragments and 400 colonies were attached to the damaged area. | Post-restoration monitoring: 108 months | Authors' conclusion: At the restoration site, transplanted corals have survived, grown and spread to surrounding areas. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Effects of Concrete-Bamboo Cages on Coral Fragments: Evaluation of a Low-Tech Method Used in Artisanal Ocean-Based Coral Farming. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Acropora, Pavona | Method: Experiment testing effects of bamboo cages to exclude coral predators (fish and invertebrates). Nubbins on concrete bases, fixed onto 1 x 1m bamboo boards. Treatments = Bamboo cages with small and large mesh, shading vs no shading, deep vs shallow. Control = no cages, open cages, no shading. | Post-restoration monitoring: 4.4 months | Authors' conclusion: Fragments do not necessarily grow faster and at higher survival rates in cages, especially if they do not adequately exclude fish. A. gomezi fragments reached the highest mean skeletal extension when cultured outside of cages in shallow water, all other treatments showed net negative growth. P. cactus growth was only affected by cages in deeper sites. Similarly, A gomezi grew faster unshaded, while P. cactus grew more in the shade. | Lessons reported: Bamboo cages not appropriate to keep fishes out, but rather attract fish, which may cause mechanical damage to coral fragments inside cages. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral relocation: A mitigation tool for dredging works in Jamaica | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Dredging | Genera: Agaricia, Porites, Siderastrea, Acropora, Madracis, Eusmilia, Diploria, Meandrina, Stephanocoenia, Montastrea | Method: Large-scale translocation project to preserve benthic communities during the development of the Falmouth Cruise Ship Terminal in Trelawny, Jamaica. 147,947 organisms (8,975 soft coral; 137,789 hard coral; and 1,183 sponges) were successfully relocated, as well as 2,807 sea urchins, numerous sea cucumbers, hermit crabs, conchs, sea stars and lobsters. Time series photographs of sample colonies were taken. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 86% | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: 86% of the colonies relocated in 2009 were accounted for in 2011. Partial colony mortality and the occurrence of disease increased with each sampling event (from 38% to 43%). By 2011, cases of total colony mortality accounted for 4% of the monitored colonies. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Strategies for Gardening Denuded Coral Reef Areas: The Applicability of Using Different Types of Coral Material for Reef Restoration. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Genera: Stylophora | Method: Attachment procedures experiment: growth of fragments compared between treatments (fragments individually held by plastic clips, or in plastic trays) | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 54% | Post-restoration monitoring: 6 months | Authors' conclusion: Higher survival (83%) in plastic crate compared to individual plastic clips on cement tiles (25%). | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Experimental Assessment of Coral Reef Rehabilitation Following Blast Fishing. | Technique: Substrate Stabilisation | Disturbance addressed: Destructive fishing | Genera: n/a | Method: Mid-scale experiment, building on pilot study of stabilisation techniques on reefs damaged by dynamite fishing. Rubble piles were piled higher (70-90cm) than in pilot to prevent burial in high currents. | Post-restoration monitoring: 36 months | Authors' conclusion: Coral counts and cover increased substantially on rock piles compared to control sites. Some high current sites low or decreasing coral cover over time, | Lessons reported: Rock piles in areas of high water movement get covered in rubble | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Low-tech coral reef restoration methods modeled after natural fragmentation processes. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: Factorial design testing three coral varieties (A. cervicornis back and front reef varieties, A prolifera back reef variety). Line nursery on rubble zones of back reef | Post-restoration monitoring: 7 months | Authors' conclusion: Differences between varieties in survival. Survival highest in species harvested from similar habitat to nursery location. (I.E back reef variety). Front reef varieties retain growth morphology adapted to front reef conditions, even when grown under backreef conditions | Lessons reported: Line nurseries can survive a substantial hurricane, however some fragment damage is likely to occur. Fast growing branching species can be "pruned" to control growth and allow slower growing coral to catch up. This would also serve as a sustainable source of fragments. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: In Situ Coral Nurseries Serve as Genetic Repositories for Coral Reef Restoration after an Extreme Cold‐Water Event. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: Experiment testing whether wild and nursery bred coral colonies have a different tolerance for cold water exposure. Line or block nurseries. | Post-restoration monitoring: 1 months | Authors' conclusion: Higher survival of coral fragments on nurseries due to less exposure to cold. Nurseries may serve as genetic repositories for wild populations. | Lessons reported: Strategic deployment of nurseries in areas with lower risk may safeguard genetic material and diversity | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Large coral transplantation in Bal Haf (Yemen): an opportunity to save corals during the construction of a Liquefied Natural Gas plant using innovative techniques | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Construction | Genera: Acropora, Porites, Platygyra, Stylophora, Favites, Montipora, Pavona | Method: 1,500 coral colonies belonging to 36 species and 25 genera were removed from areas to be impacted, transported and cemented in new sites. 140 large Porites spp. weighing from 200 kg up to 4 tonnes, were moved using new transplantation techniques. Growth, in situ mortality and health of the transplants were monitored over one year using photo quadrats, close-up pictures and linear growth measurements. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 89% | Post-restoration monitoring: 14 months | Authors' conclusion: Overall, survival of corals one year after transplantation was 91%. Most losses of transplants were due to sedimentation, fish predation, fisher activity and swell effects. Evidence of coral growth after transplantation was observed, especially in Acropora and Porites species, and on some faviids. | Lessons reported: The use of a screws drilled directly into the coral skeleton to fix to lifting balloons was an innovative technique to transport large corals. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Restoration of a degraded coral reef using a natural remediation process: a case study from a Central Mexican Pacific National Park | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Pocillopora | Method: A total of 189 coral fragments of three different species were hand collected, inspected to ensure they were in good condition, and re-attached within the same area of collection using the plastic cable tie method on both artificial and natural substrates. Stable coral rubble was used as natural substrata for four study sites. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 75% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: High survivorship of 87% occurred on artificial underwater structures and 67% on natural substrate, the height and radial growth, on both substrata increase 2-fold from the initial size. | Lessons reported: Although both substrata were viable, coral fragments attach faster on natural (4 months) than artificial structures (6 months). | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Successful methods for transplanting fragments of Acropora formosa and Acropora hyacinthus | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Acropora | Method: The authors tested the effects of orientation of attachment, seasons of transplantation, and size of fragments on survival, growth, and spawning of Acropora formosa and A. hyacinthus. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 58.75% | Post-restoration monitoring: 19 months | Authors' conclusion: Vertically attached, large-sized A. formosa fragments had 98–100% survival rate after 18 months, with higher % of spawning than smaller fragments. The fragments transplanted in August exhibited better survival than those transplanted in November. The fragments that spawned had lower growth rate. Only the vertically attached fragments of A. hyacinthus fused to the substratum, and those transplanted in February showed 100% survival rate after 14 months. | Lessons reported: Seasonality of transplantation. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Reef rescuers program | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Acropora, Pocillopora | Method: Nursery corals transplanted to degraded reef areas | Lessons reported: Restoration does not provide resilience against bleaching | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral propagation at Koh Tao | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Genera: Mixed | Method: Planting corals of opportunity on reef rubble, Fragments are taken to shore with reef rubble where it is glued to the substrate then returned to a 'nursery' (Nursery is a consolidated pile of reef rubble) | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Physiological and ecological aspects of coral transplantation | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Porites | Method: The growth and mortality of transplants of two species of scleractinian corals, Porites cylindrica and P. rus were monitored over 16 months in a reef in the northwestern Philippines. Transplants were in two sizes and deployed at two depths (1 and 10 m). | Post-restoration monitoring: 16 months | Authors' conclusion: Specimens at the shallow depth had more rapid growth than the deeper ones. Light had significant effects on coral growth while temperature, salinity, water motion and sedimentation did not. Smaller corals consistently registered greater percentage increases in size as compared to the larger ones. Small transplants of P. cylindrica showed higher percentage growth rates than those of P. rus. There were no differences in transplant mortality due to size. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Success and growth of corals transplanted to cement armor mat tiles in southeast Florida: implications for reef restoration | Technique: Transplantation, Substrate stabilisation | Disturbance addressed: Construction | Genera: Siderastrea, Solenastrea, Stephanocoenia, Montastrea, Porites, Dichocoenia, Diploria, Meandrina, Montastrea, Millepora | Method: Corals were removed from an outfall pipe and transplanted onto concrete armor mat tiles used to repair the pipe. Success (number of corals still attached and alive), mortality (number of dead corals), and growth rates of the transplants were assessed. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 87% | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: Survival after 2 years was 87%, compared with seven sites of nearby natural substrate corals (83%). The two most numerous transplant species, Solenastrea bournoni and Siderastrea siderea, had comparable survival and mortality rates; however, S. bournoni had a significantly faster growth rate. | Lessons reported: Larger colonies have higher survival rates. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral reefs restoration and restoration experience in Pirotan Island, Marine National Park, Gulf of Kachchh, India | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Favia, Porites, Favites, Goniastrea, Goniopora, Siderastrea, Acanthastrea, Turbinaria, Cyphastrea | Method: Tested the survival and attachment of massive corals fixed to cement structures | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 8.55% | Post-restoration monitoring: 4 months | Authors' conclusion: The cement triangles are a viable restoration option. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Narrower grid structure of artificial reef enhances initial survival of in situ settled coral | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Genera: Acropora | Method: Eight types of experimental reefs were prepared using grid plates, with four different grid sizes and four different plate arrangements at two sites. To estimate the proportions of naturally recruited corals on the experimental reefs, 10 settlement plates were set up at each site; 20–30 m from the experimental reefs. The proportions of naturally recruited corals on the experimental reefs were estimated by comparing the genetic composition of corals among the three groups: naturally recruited co… | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 31.2857% | Post-restoration monitoring: 6 months | Authors' conclusion: Narrower grids were the most effective; grid plates with a 2.5-cm mesh presented the highest survival rate (14%) at 6 months after settlement. | Lessons reported: Lesson for larval seeding | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Experimental test of the effects of methods of attachment and handling on the rapid transplantation of corals. | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Stylophora, Acropora, Favia, Echinopora, Rumphella | Method: Testing effects of handling and attachment methods of transplanted coral fragments. Fragments were taken from local coral colonies and 1)exposed to air for 2 hours, 2) transported underwater in baskets, 3) attached to masonry nails driven into substrate 4) attached with epoxy in drilled holes in substrate. The experiment was fully factorial, with controls, tested on fives coral species. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 82% | Post-restoration monitoring: 3 months | Authors' conclusion: Best method of attachment was epoxy into pre-drilled hole, and most species (exception: Stylophora pistillata and Rumphella sp.) did not show measurable negative impacts of 2 hours of exposure | Lessons reported: Lose attachment to nail causes small movements with water movement, prohibiting tissue overgrowth and permanent attachment to the substratum. Many species are relatively resilient to air exposure. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Regional restoration benchmarks for Acropora cervicornis. | Technique: Coral Gardening | Genera: Acropora | Method: In situ coral nurseries populated with fragments collected from donor colonies (<10% collected, donor colonies selected based on size and condition). out planted after 1 year. Donor colonies monitored for 12 months following collection. Some overlap with Johnson et al 2011 | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 88% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: No negative effects (disease, mortality, growth) on donor colonies in any location. High survival on nurseries (90.8%) and outplants (85.2). The study proposes benchmarks which can be used to assess the success of other A. cervicornis projects: -75% donor survival in first year -80% survival of nursery fragments in first year -77% survival of out planted colonies in the first year Projects within 10% of benchmarks=Green (doing well), 10-20% = yellow (some changes needed), and >20% = red (issues needs to be addressed) | Lessons reported: n/a | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Recovery in rubble fields: Long-term impacts of blast fishing. | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Destructive fishing | Genera: Acropora | Method: Coral fragments were transplanted onto rubble field, testing two methods of attachment: 1) attached to rubble (unstable), 2) attached to PVC pipes driven into rubble (more stable) | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 52.5% | Post-restoration monitoring: 6 months | Authors' conclusion: Increased survival in fragments that are stabilised (65%) compared to those attached to rubble (40%) | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Strategies for Gardening Denuded Coral Reef Areas: The Applicability of Using Different Types of Coral Material for Reef Restoration. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Disturbance addressed: Diver damage | Genera: Stylophora | Method: Transplant experiment: test survival of fragments on two sites: one highly visited by scuba divers and one protected | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 53.75% | Post-restoration monitoring: 6 months | Authors' conclusion: Higher survival (83%) on protected site, compared to site with heavy scuba diving pressure (25%). Isolated branches of S. pistillata had higher survivorship than small colonies, however the small colonies grew 10 times faster than isolated branches. | Lessons reported: Small colonies can successfully be relocated from high disturbance sites into nurseries | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Use of artificial reef structures to rehabilitate reef flats degraded by coral mining in the Maldives | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Coral mining | Genera: Acropora, Astreopora, Cyphastrea, Favia, Favites, Galaxea, Goniastrea, Heliopora, Hydnophora, Leptastrea, Lobophyllia, Montastrea, Montipora, Pavona, Pocillopora, Porites, Psammocora, Symphyllia | Method: Corals for transplantation were collected by denuding three undegraded 50 m2 areas of reef flat, and transferred to the three Armorflex study sites. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 68.5333% | Post-restoration monitoring: 8 months | Authors' conclusion: Survival and growth of transplanted corals were high. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Growing coral larger and faster: micro-colony-fusion as a strategy for accelerating coral cover. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Microfragmentation | Genera: Orbicella, Pseudodiploria, Porites | Method: Small fragments (~1x1cm) were cut from massive corals and placed on tiles, which were placed in ex situ aquaria. Maintenance involved daily siphoning of detritus, and manual algae removal. In a second experiment, the tiles were mounted to a concrete triangular concrete and placed in two tanks, one cleaned tank and one established. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 100% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Orbicella faveolata and Pseudodiploria clivosa grew an average 20 cm2 per month (although it was highly variable), with overall area increasing 329 and 154% (respectively) in 5 months. Larger fragments grew at a faster rate. For Porites lobata, there was a difference in growth between tanks (cleaned/established), with fragments growing faster in the established tank compared to the cleaned tank. | Lessons reported: The mesocosm of the established tank provided herbivores and increased diversity in terms of microbial , planktonic and benthic macrofauna. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Community-based coral reef restoration and education program | Technique: substrate addition - artificial reefs, coral gardening - transplantation | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Corals of opportunity transplanted onto Ecoreefs. 600 EcoReefs are made of micro-porous non-toxic ceramic stoneware glued using marine epoxy to make snowflake like structures. Corals are tied to the structures using cable ties or wire | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Update - 2014 - In October, Seacology program managers visited the Tres Marias site and saw that almost ten years after the artificial reef units were installed, they are barely visible because they are covered with healthy coral. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Tiling the Reef--Exploring the First Step of an Ecological Engineering Tool That May Promote Phase-Shift Reversals in Coral Reefs. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Disturbance addressed: Algal phase shift | Genera: Stylophora, Pocillopora, Cyphastrea | Method: Testing the use of CD's (Compact discs) as a settlement and growing surface for coral fragments. Coral colonies were collected from the wild, from three species and ten genotypes per species, and cut into very small (similar to microfragmentation, but not called so by authors) fragments. 32 fragments attached per CD. CD's hung vertically or horizontally in mid-water nursery. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 67.1817% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: No difference in survival of fragments between horizontal and vertical CD's for S. pistillata, and Cyphastrea, however survival differed significantly between the two positions for P.damicornis. The position affected growth in the fast growing species (S.pistillata and P. damicornis), with vertical growing more than horizontal, however this was not significant for Cyphastrea sp. Overall >80% of units survived, and fast growth was observed | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Multivariate responses of the coral reef fish community to artificial structures and coral transplants | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Genera: Acropora, Pocillopora | Method: The effects of artificial structures and coral transplants on fish abundance, number of species, and community composition were examined during a two-year study at three locations. Three experimental treatments (10 x 10 m rubble plots (a.) left untreated, (b.) covered with concrete structures, and (c.) covered with a combination of structures and coral fragments) were monitored using monthly underwater visual censuses. | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: At the site with the lowest coral cover and structural complexity in the ambient reef, fish community responses were most marked, with an 8-fold increase in fish abundance in the Structures + Corals treatment compared to the untreated rubble plot. At the other two sites, abundance and number of species in the experimental treatments did not surpass that of the natural plots. | Lessons reported: Reef context is important in the selection of appropriate restoration measures. Results may differ depending on condition of the ambient reef. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: First step in the restoration of a highly degraded coral reef (Singapore) by in situ coral intensive farming | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Disturbance addressed: Fish farm effluent | Genera: Acropora, Montipora, Pocillopora, Heliopora, Hydnophora, Porites, Psammocora, Diploastrea | Method: Testing the effects of fish farm effluents on coral nubbins in a nursery. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 34% | Post-restoration monitoring: 14 months | Authors' conclusion: After one year of mariculture, average of coral survival rates was low (34%). Survivorship (loss resulted primarily from coral detachment, not coral death) significantly differed among species and nurseries. The surviving nubbins showed high growth rates. Some corals grew faster at the fish farm site. | Lessons reported: Branching A. millepora, the submassive P. sillimaniana and the massive P. lutea are the most suitable species for nursery conditions for first restoration acts to be performed in high sedimentation sites like Singapore's reef. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Transplantation of storm-generated coral fragments to enhance Caribbean coral reefs: a successful method but not a solution | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Storm | Genera: Acropora, Porites | Method: Coral fragments were collected from unfavourable habitat and transplanted to damaged reefs. Survival and growth of 60 transplanted fragments and 75 reference colonies were monitored for 12 years. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 5.33333% | Post-restoration monitoring: 144 months | Authors' conclusion: Only 9% of colonies were alive after 12 years: no A. cervicornis; 3% of A. palmata transplants and 18% of reference colonies; and 13% of P. porites transplants and 7% of reference colonies. Only A. palmata showed a difference between transplant and reference colony survival, and only in the first year. No coral conservation strategy will be effective until underlying intrinsic and/or extrinsic factors driving high mortality rates are understood and mitigated or eliminated. | Lessons reported: Physical dislodgement resulted in the loss of 56% of colonies, whereas 35% died in place. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Long-term effects of induced mineral accretion on growth, survival and corallite properties of Porites cylindrica Dana. | Technique: Substrate Enhancement - Electric | Genera: Porites | Method: Branches of Porites cylindrica were reared under the presence of mineral accretion (treated nubbins), without mineral accretion (untreated), and under undisturbed (control) conditions for 6 months (mineral accretion phase). The electricity for the treated nubbins was cut off after the sixth month, and all remaining nubbins were allowed to grow for another 6 months (post mineral accretion phase). Each treatment had three replicates resulting in a total of nine experimental grids. The replicate g… | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 91.6667% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Growth enhancement occurred only during the early stages of the mineral accretion phase. There were also significant differences in girth growth between phases and between treatments as well as a significant phase by treatment interaction again indicating that significant differences between treatments occurred only during a certain phase. The treated nubbins survived better than the untreated nubbins. The corals in all treatments showed the same trend in corallite size and density after 1 year. Enhancement of growth took place only during active mineral accretion, though there were positive,… | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Marine silviculture: Incorporating ecosystem engineering properties into reef restoration acts | Technique: Coral Gardening | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Stylophora, Pocillopora | Method: Transplanted 554 nursery-farmed colonies of two branching species onto five denuded knolls. The performance of the transplants was compared with 76 natural colonies and 217 colonies maintained at the coral-nursery. The corals were monitored monthly during the first 10 months, and bi-monthly for the following 7 months, altogether 17 months (533 days). Detachment, survival, partial tissue loss and fish bites recorded. Growth, commensal crab density and zoothanthellae density were also compared. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 63.4% | Post-restoration monitoring: 17 months | Authors' conclusion: The transplants, natal colonies and nursery controls had statistically different survivorship levels that differed significantly between the two species. Mortality in the Stylophora nursery control group was minimal (98.3% survival), compared to 81.3% survivorship of the natal controls. No significant differences in survivorship were documented between the transplants and the natal Stylophora colonies for the first nine months, but the transplants showed enhanced mortality levels after. After 17 months, 52.2% of Stylophora transplants survived. In contrast, no significant difference in surviv… | Lessons reported: A total of 67 person-hours were required for the preparation, transfer and transplantation of 554 colonies. Direct costs, including coral preparation and transfer, were approximately US$1.8/nursery-farmed coral. The Pocillopora nursery-‘pampered’ transplants, did not differ in survivorship, partial mortality, fish predation from the natal colonies, which represented the most successful naturally-… | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Aleenta Phuket Coral Barrier Reef Project | Technique: substrate addition - artificial reef, coral gardening - transplantation | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Construction of box shaped metal cages filled with reef rubble to act as a sort of breakwater/barrier. Transplant corals onto metal frames. Modules cable tied together to create a larger structure. | Authors' conclusion: Quantitative outcomes: 1000 corals transplanted, 11 coral species, 39 fish species | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Rehabilitation of Damaged Reefs: Outcome of the Use of Recently Broken Coral Fragments and Healed Coral Fragments of Pocilloporid Corals on Rocky Boulders. | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Pocillopora | Method: Direct transplantation of corals of opportunity onto boulders | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 65.595% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: High survival, growth and attachment of corals, in challenging environmental conditions (high sedimentation and algae cover). Recently broken fragments attached and grew faster much faster than fragments which had already healed. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: The recovery process in a mechanically damaged coral reef community: recruitment and growth | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: Ship grounding | Genera: Pseudopterogorgia, Millepora, Favia, Briareum, Agaricia | Method: Horizontal, grooved quarry tiles were grouped into 8 "recruitment stations" along a line ranging from no impact to maximum impact. Four tiles per station were secured on posts embedded into the reef, approx. 5cm from the substratum. Tiles were collected at 6 month intervals and checked for recruits. | Post-restoration monitoring: 27 months | Authors' conclusion: Coral recruit density was negatively correlated with the severity of the impact; lowest recruitment was measured in the zone of maximal impact. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Effects of pile size of artificial reefs on the standing stocks of fishes. | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: not reported | Genera: n/a | Method: Underwater investigations were conducted at three established AR habitats. All artificial habitats were established by reef units of 2-m3 hollow concrete cubes with holes in them. These ARs were mostly situated on extensive areas of sandy sea floor at 20–30m depth. At each site, various arrangements of reef units were available. Fish communities were surveyed with timed dives (40 min). | Authors' conclusion: Resident fish species tended to increase until the pile reached a size of 20–30 reef units. Thereafter, the increase in biomass slowed, and maximum biomass would eventually be reached only with a further increase in the pile size. | Lessons reported: Predictions of the efficiency of unit reefs for different pile sizes indicate that a pile consisting of 4–10 units of this type of reef would be most effective in terms of biomass of residents. Nevertheless, a size of 15 units is recommended when the behaviour of visiting fish species is taken into account. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: The use of artificial reefs in enhancing fish communities in Singapore | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: n/a | Method: An artificial reef consisting of a tyre reef and a concrete reef was established in the vicinity of the southern islands of Singapore, and fish communities were surveyed. | Post-restoration monitoring: 18 months | Authors' conclusion: The artificial reef resulted in an increase in numbers of juvenile and adult fishes. The dominant fish families were Pomacentridae, Labridae, Chaetodontidae, Apogonidae, Gobiidae and Nemipteridae. The artificial reefs also serve as a nursery ground for some species (e.g. Neopomacentrus sp.). Greater numbers of 'target' (food-important) fishes were observed at the concrete reef while the tyre reef harboured more juveniles and smaller sized adults. | Lessons reported: The concrete modules were more effective than the tyre reef in terms of fish abundance per unit volume. Such structures can enhance the biological resources of relatively unproductive areas. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: A basic experiment of coral culture using sexual reproduction in the open sea. | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: Bleaching | Genera: n/a | Method: Settlement tiles were placed on a site with high natural recruitment, and recruitment analysed. Three types of settlement tiles were tested, 1) regular pottery stone tiles, arranged in towers 2) circular pottery's stone rods, pitted with 4 mm diameter holes, 3) square limestone pillars, pitted with 4 mm diameter holes. The towers, rods and pillars were arranged in a stainless steel frame (42cm x 45 cm x 40 cm). The plates were deployed on a shallow site, and remained there over the coral spawni… | Post-restoration monitoring: 3 months | Authors' conclusion: The number of settlers on the square stick was 4 times higher than on the cylindrical stick. MOst settlers on plates were on the underside | Lessons reported: Holes on settlement sticks may have been too shallow to protect corals from predation | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Initial survival of coral nubbins transplanted by a new coral transplantation technology - Options for reef rehabilitation. | Technique: Substrate Enhancement - Electric | Genera: Stylophora, Pocillopora, Acropora, Montipora, Pavona | Method: A folded steel (chicken wire) cathode was connected to a DC power supply, and an anode of titanium mesh, placed 20 cm above each square. The magnesium and calcium minerals precipitate on the cathode by electrochemical deposition, and can form a calcium carbonate layer of 5-10mm thickness within 2 months. Coral fragments are inserted into the mesh (cathode) | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 67.5% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: After 8 weeks, fragments were cemented to the mesh. After 12 months, a large proportion were still alive, and had continued to grow. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Differential survival of coral transplants on various substrates under elevated water temperatures | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Porites | Method: Transplants of two species were evenly distributed and attached to three different types of substrate: live coral colonies of P. cylindrica, dead coral colonies (also of P. cylindrica), and epoxy coated metal grids that were raised above the sandy substrate. Monitoring of the transplants incorporated differences in survival with temperature related stress. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 22.5% | Post-restoration monitoring: 3.5 months | Authors' conclusion: Transplants of P. rus bleached more slowly and suffered less mortality than P. cylindrica. Survival was good on the metal grids (average of 35%), and on the live coral (average of 22%). It was poor on the dead coral (average of 6%). | Lessons reported: The metal grids as well as live coral tissue apparently provided a favorable substrate for the attached coral fragments, even for those of a different species. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Stabilization of fragments to enhance asexual recruitment in Acropora palmata, a threatened Caribbean coral | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Collected coral fragments were grouped into 18 replicate experimental blocks of three with similar size and tissue coverage. The three fragments in each block were then haphazardly allocated to one of three treatments: cable tied to the substrate, epoxied to the substrate, and an unstabilized control. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 99% | Post-restoration monitoring: 11 months | Authors' conclusion: Stabilized fragments lost less tissue cover and ranked higher in performance than the unstabilized control fragments. Stabilization using cable ties and epoxy were similarly effective. | Lessons reported: Stabilizing fragments will preserve live tissue and enhance growth of fragments and can thus improve the survivorship of fragments. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Survival and growth of transplanted coral fragments in a high-latitude coral community (32 deg N) in Kochi, Japan | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Drupella | Genera: Acropora | Method: 36 coral fragments were transplanted into three blocks, at three different depths. Survival and growth were monitored. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 46.75% | Post-restoration monitoring: 96 months | Authors' conclusion: All A. muricata fragments died within one year of the transplantation, but over 90% of A. hyacinthus fragments survived. Coral cover of A. hyacinthus increased from 8.9% to 48% of the total area. Surviving fragments grew more rapidly in the warmer months. | Lessons reported: Success of transplantation is species-specific | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: in: Johnson et al 2011, Caribbean Acropora restoration guide: best practices for propagation and population enhancement CASE STUDY 5 | Technique: Coral Gardening | Disturbance addressed: Ship Grounding | Genera: Acropora | Method: Line nurseries, outplanting sites stabilised (no detail on methods) | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 95.5% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: High survival and growth in nurseries, high fragment survival on out planted sites | Lessons reported: A PVC frame around line nurseries prevent collapse as colonies grow (FUCA). Smaller frames (150cm x 300cm) better than larger (300 x 300) to prevent weight and collapse as corals grow. Helix anchor better than duckbill anchor of substrate is rabble rather than sand. Placing nursery near sites with high abundance of fish will help prevent biofouling on lines. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Staghorn coral, Acropora cervicornis, restoration in south Florida: Growth and survivorship of outplanted nursery corals | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Coral fragments were grown in three separate underwater nurseries and outplanted to selected sites located within unique cross-shelf zones in the Upper Florida Keys. Growth and survival were measured both in the nursery and after outplanting. 113 coral fragments were outplanted to 4 sites. In each of the three areas, there were four outplant sites, and outplant corals were arranged in three clusters of 10 corals, with each cluster containing a replicate of the 10 distinct genotypes. Growth and … | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 89.2% | Post-restoration monitoring: 7 months | Authors' conclusion: The reef zone / habitat in which A. cervicornis were outplanted had a more significant effect on growth than the coral genotype. The fore reef zone within the Upper and Lower Keys regions and the midchannel zone in the Biscayne region had significantly higher mean growth rates. Survivorship was not significantly different in any of the regions. | Lessons reported: Depth and reef zone have strong effects on growth. It's not enough to simply choose fast-growing genotypes. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral relocation for impact mitigation in Northern Qatar. | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Construction | Genera: Anomastraea, Cyphastrea, Favia, Platygyra, Plesiastrea, Porites, Pseudosiderastrea | Method: Over 4,500 hard corals were relocated from pipeline corridors to mitigate for pipeline installation impacts. Proven techniques for coral reattachment and newly developed methods to enhance coral survival were used for the mass recovery, transport, and reattachment of the corals. 6 of the 22 reattachment sites were randomly selected for bi-annual monitoring. A subset of the relocated corals (approximately 5%) and natural (reference) corals were randomly selected to monitor the relative coral hea… | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 99% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: After one year, 99% of the reattached monitored colonies survived compared to 79% survival of reference colonies, and a greater percentage of reattached colonies were healthy (58%) when compared to reference colonies (33%). Hard corals and other fauna (e.g., sponges and oysters) combined provided less than 12% cover during the surveys, and the benthic community was instead dominated by algae. | Lessons reported: Hard coral relocation is a viable means of off-site mitigation for unavoidable impacts to sensitive coral habitats. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.